Add animation smoothing

assets.h

@@ -6194,7 +6194,7 @@ void LCR_imageChangeBrightness(int up)
 {
   if (up)
     for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
-      _LCR_currentImagePalette[i] |= 0x1042;
+      _LCR_currentImagePalette[i] |= 0x18e3;
   else
     for (int i = 0; i < 256; ++i)
       _LCR_currentImagePalette[i] =

game.h

@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
     square is LCR_GAME_UNITs long, a full angle is also LCR_GAME_UNITs.
   - LCR_GAME_UNIT: Size of one game square and full angle in LCR_GameUnits.
   - S3L_Unit: data type, small3dlib's unit. May change with renderer change.
-  - S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT: small3dlib's value representing 1.0.
+  - S3L_F: small3dlib's value representing 1.0.
   - LCR_RENDERER_UNIT: for the renderer one map square is this many S3L_Units.
   - TPE_Unit: tinyphysicsengine's unit. May change with phys. engine change.
-  - TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT: tinyphysicsengine's value representing value 1.0.
+  - TPE_F: tinyphysicsengine's value representing value 1.0.
   - LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT: for the phys. eng. one map square is this many TPE_Units.
 
   COORDINATE SYSTEM AND ROTATIONS: The game itself (racing module) is
@@ -96,10 +96,15 @@ uint8_t LCR_gameStep(uint32_t timeMs);
 
 //------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
+#define LCR_CONTROL_MODE_FREECAM 0x00
+#define LCR_CONTROL_MODE_DRIVE   0x01
+
 struct
 {
   uint32_t nextRenderFrameTime;
   uint32_t nextRacingTickTime;
+  uint8_t controlMode;
+  uint8_t debugDraw;
 } LCR_game;
 
 void LCR_drawPixelXYUnsafe(unsigned int x, unsigned int y,
@@ -118,7 +123,9 @@ static inline void LCR_drawPixelXYSafe(unsigned int x, unsigned int y,
 #include "renderer.h"
 
 uint8_t LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEYS_TOTAL]; /**< Assures unchanging key states
-                                            during a single frame. */
+                                            during a single frame, holds
+                                            number of frames for which the key
+                                            has been continuously held. */
 
 void LCR_drawPixelXYUnsafe(unsigned int x, unsigned int y,
   uint16_t color)
@@ -150,6 +157,9 @@ void LCR_gameInit(void)
 
   LCR_game.nextRenderFrameTime = 0;
   LCR_game.nextRacingTickTime = 0;
+
+  LCR_game.controlMode = LCR_CONTROL_MODE_FREECAM;
+  LCR_game.debugDraw = 0;
 }
 
 void LCR_gameEnd(void)
@@ -159,15 +169,22 @@ void LCR_gameEnd(void)
 uint8_t LCR_gameStep(uint32_t time)
 {
   for (int i = 0; i < LCR_KEYS_TOTAL; ++i)
-    LCR_keyStates[i] = LCR_keyPressed(i);
+    LCR_keyStates[i] = LCR_keyPressed(i) ?
+      (LCR_keyStates[i] < 255 ? LCR_keyStates[i] + 1 : 255) : 0;
 
   uint32_t sleep = 0;
 
+  if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_B] == 1)
+    LCR_game.controlMode = LCR_game.controlMode == LCR_CONTROL_MODE_FREECAM ?
+      LCR_CONTROL_MODE_DRIVE : LCR_CONTROL_MODE_FREECAM;
+  else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_B] == 30)
+    LCR_game.debugDraw = !LCR_game.debugDraw;
+
   while (time >= LCR_game.nextRacingTickTime)
   {
     unsigned int input = 0;
 
-    if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_B])
+    if (LCR_game.controlMode != LCR_CONTROL_MODE_FREECAM)
       input =
         (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_UP]    ? LCR_RACING_INPUT_FORW  : 0) |
         (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_RIGHT] ? LCR_RACING_INPUT_RIGHT : 0) |
@@ -178,56 +195,67 @@ uint8_t LCR_gameStep(uint32_t time)
     LCR_game.nextRacingTickTime += LCR_RACING_TICK_MS; 
   }
 
-
   if (time >= LCR_game.nextRenderFrameTime)
   {
+
+
+LCR_GameUnit physicsInterpolationParam = LCR_GAME_UNIT -
+  ((LCR_game.nextRacingTickTime - time) * LCR_GAME_UNIT) /
+    LCR_RACING_TICK_MS;
+
     LCR_GameUnit carTransform[6];
-    LCR_racingGetCarTransform(carTransform,carTransform + 3);
+    LCR_racingGetCarTransform(carTransform,carTransform + 3,
+      physicsInterpolationParam);
     LCR_rendererSetCarTransform(carTransform,carTransform + 3);
 
-
+    while (time >= LCR_game.nextRenderFrameTime)
-
+      LCR_game.nextRenderFrameTime += 1000 / LCR_SETTING_FPS;
-    LCR_rendererDraw();
-
-
-LCR_GameUnit sss[7];
-LCR_rendererGetCameraTransform(sss,sss + 3,sss + 6);
-LCR_physicsDebugDraw(sss,sss + 3,sss[6]);
-
-
-    LCR_game.nextRenderFrameTime += 1000 / LCR_SETTING_FPS;
 
     LCR_GameUnit offsets[5];
 
     for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)
       offsets[i] = 0;
 
-    if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_A])
+    if (LCR_game.controlMode == LCR_CONTROL_MODE_FREECAM)
     {
-      if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_UP])
+      if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_A])
-        offsets[4] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
+      {
-      else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_DOWN])
+        if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_UP])
-        offsets[4] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
+          offsets[4] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
+        else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_DOWN])
+          offsets[4] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
 
-      if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_RIGHT])
+        if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_RIGHT])
-        offsets[3] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
+          offsets[3] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
-      else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_LEFT])
+        else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_LEFT])
-        offsets[3] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
+          offsets[3] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_TURN_STEP;
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_UP])
+          offsets[0] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
+        else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_DOWN])
+          offsets[0] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
+
+        if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_RIGHT])
+          offsets[1] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
+        else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_LEFT])
+          offsets[1] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
+      }
+
+      LCR_rendererMoveCamera(offsets,offsets + 3);
     }
-    else if (!LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_B])
+    else
+      LCR_rendererCameraFollow();
+
+    LCR_rendererDraw();
+
+    if (LCR_game.debugDraw)
     {
-      if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_UP])
+      LCR_GameUnit camTr[7];
-        offsets[0] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
+      LCR_rendererGetCameraTransform(camTr,camTr + 3,camTr + 6);
-      else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_DOWN])
+      LCR_physicsDebugDraw(camTr,camTr + 3,camTr[6]);
-        offsets[0] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
-
-      if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_RIGHT])
-        offsets[1] = LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
-      else if (LCR_keyStates[LCR_KEY_LEFT])
-        offsets[1] -= LCR_FREE_CAMERA_STEP;
     }
-
-    LCR_rendererMoveCamera(offsets,offsets + 3);
   }
   else
     sleep = LCR_game.nextRenderFrameTime - time;

racing.h

@@ -5,16 +5,16 @@
 #ifndef _LCR_RACING_H
 #define _LCR_RACING_H
 
-typedef int32_t LCR_GameUnit; ///< abstract game unit
+typedef int32_t LCR_GameUnit;  ///< abstract game unit
 
-#define LCR_GAME_UNIT 1024    ///< length of map square in LCR_GameUnits
+#define LCR_GAME_UNIT 1024     ///< length of map square in LCR_GameUnits
 
 #define LCR_RACING_INPUT_FORW  0x01
 #define LCR_RACING_INPUT_RIGHT 0x02
 #define LCR_RACING_INPUT_BACK  0x04
 #define LCR_RACING_INPUT_LEFT  0x08
 
-#define LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT 1024  ///< length of map square for physics engine
+#define LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT 512   ///< length of map square for physics engine
 
 #include "map.h"
 #include "tinyphysicsengine.h"
@@ -22,15 +22,35 @@ typedef int32_t LCR_GameUnit; ///< abstract game unit
 #define LCR_CAR_JOINTS 5
 #define LCR_CAR_CONNECTIONS 10
 
+#define LCR_CAR_FORWARD_FRICTION (TPE_F / 14)
+#define LCR_CAR_TURN_FRICTION (3 * TPE_F / 4)
+#define LCR_CAR_ELASTICITY (TPE_F / 100)
+
 struct
 {
   TPE_World physicsWorld;
   TPE_Body carBody;
   TPE_Joint carJoints[LCR_CAR_JOINTS];
   TPE_Connection carConnections[LCR_CAR_CONNECTIONS];
+  uint8_t wheelCollisions;  /**< In individual bits records for each car wheel
+                                 whether it's currently touching the ground.
+                                 Lower bits record current collisions, higher
+                                 bits the previous state (for averaging). */
+
+
+  TPE_Vec3 carPositions[2]; ///* Current and previous position.
+
 } LCR_racing;
 
-TPE_Vec3 LCR_racingEnvironmentFunction(TPE_Vec3 point, TPE_Unit maxDist)
+TPE_Vec3 _LCR_TPE_vec3DividePlain(TPE_Vec3 v, TPE_Unit d)
+{
+  v.x /= d;
+  v.y /= d;
+  v.z /= d;
+  return v;
+}
+
+TPE_Vec3 _LCR_racingEnvironmentFunction(TPE_Vec3 point, TPE_Unit maxDist)
 {
   return TPE_envAABoxInside(point,TPE_vec3(0,0,0),TPE_vec3(
       LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT * LCR_MAP_SIZE_BLOCKS,
@@ -38,6 +58,31 @@ TPE_Vec3 LCR_racingEnvironmentFunction(TPE_Vec3 point, TPE_Unit maxDist)
       LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT * LCR_MAP_SIZE_BLOCKS));
 }
 
+uint8_t _LCR_racingCollisionHandler(uint16_t b1, uint16_t j1, uint16_t b2,
+  uint16_t j2, TPE_Vec3 p)
+{
+  // check which wheels are touching the ground.
+
+  if (j1 < 4) // wheel joint?
+    LCR_racing.wheelCollisions |= 0x01 << j1;
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+/**
+  Initializes new run.
+*/
+void LCR_racingRestart(void)
+{
+  LCR_racing.wheelCollisions = 0;
+  TPE_bodyDeactivate(&(LCR_racing.carBody));
+
+  // TODO
+}
+
+/**
+  Initializes the racing module, only call once.
+*/
 void LCR_racingInit(void)
 {
   LCR_log("initializing racing engine");
@@ -49,42 +94,57 @@ void LCR_racingInit(void)
     (LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT * 3) / 4,
     LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 8);
 
-  LCR_racing.carJoints[4].position.y += LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 8;
+  LCR_racing.carJoints[4].position.y += LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 6;
   LCR_racing.carJoints[4].sizeDivided *= 3;
   LCR_racing.carJoints[4].sizeDivided /= 2;
 
   TPE_bodyInit(&(LCR_racing.carBody), 
     LCR_racing.carJoints,LCR_CAR_JOINTS,
     LCR_racing.carConnections,LCR_CAR_CONNECTIONS,
-    TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT);
+    TPE_F);
+
+  LCR_racing.carBody.friction = LCR_CAR_FORWARD_FRICTION;
+  LCR_racing.carBody.elasticity = LCR_CAR_ELASTICITY;
 
   TPE_worldInit(&(LCR_racing.physicsWorld),
-  &(LCR_racing.carBody),1,LCR_racingEnvironmentFunction);
+  &(LCR_racing.carBody),1,_LCR_racingEnvironmentFunction);
 
-  TPE_bodyDeactivate(&(LCR_racing.carBody));
+  LCR_racing.physicsWorld.collisionCallback = _LCR_racingCollisionHandler;
+
+  LCR_racingRestart();
 }
 
 void LCR_racingGetCarTransform(LCR_GameUnit position[3],
-  LCR_GameUnit rotation[3])
+  LCR_GameUnit rotation[3], LCR_GameUnit interpolationParam)
 {
-  #define AVERAGE(c) \
-    (((((LCR_racing.carBody.joints[0].position.c + \
-         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[1].position.c + \
-         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[2].position.c + \
-         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[3].position.c) / 4) + \
-         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[4].position.c) / 2) * \
-         LCR_GAME_UNIT) / LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT
 
-  position[0] = AVERAGE(x);
+#if LCR_SETTING_SMOOTH_ANIMATIONS
-  position[1] = AVERAGE(y);
+  TPE_Vec3 v = TPE_vec3Plus(
-  position[2] = AVERAGE(z);
+      LCR_racing.carPositions[1],
-  #undef AVERAGE
+        _LCR_TPE_vec3DividePlain(
+          TPE_vec3TimesPlain(
+            TPE_vec3Minus(
+              LCR_racing.carPositions[0],LCR_racing.carPositions[1]),
+              interpolationParam),LCR_GAME_UNIT));
 
-  TPE_Vec3 rot = TPE_bodyGetRotation(&(LCR_racing.carBody),0,2,1);
+  position[0] = v.x;
+  position[1] = v.y;
+  position[2] = v.z;
+#else
+  TPE_Vec3 v;
 
-  rotation[0] = (rot.x * LCR_GAME_UNIT) / TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+  position[0] = LCR_racing.carPositions[0].x;
-  rotation[1] = (rot.y * LCR_GAME_UNIT) / TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+  position[1] = LCR_racing.carPositions[0].y;
-  rotation[2] = (rot.z * LCR_GAME_UNIT) / TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+  position[2] = LCR_racing.carPositions[0].z;
+#endif
+
+  v = TPE_bodyGetRotation(&(LCR_racing.carBody),0,2,1);
+
+  rotation[0] = (v.x * LCR_GAME_UNIT) / TPE_F;
+  rotation[1] = (v.y * LCR_GAME_UNIT) / TPE_F;
+  rotation[2] = (v.z * LCR_GAME_UNIT) / TPE_F;
+
+  // TODO: also smooth out rotation?
 }
 
 void _LCR_drawPhysicsDebugPixel(uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint8_t color)
@@ -100,18 +160,24 @@ void _LCR_drawPhysicsDebugPixel(uint16_t x, uint16_t y, uint8_t color)
   }
 }
 
-// TODO: input
+int LCR_racingCarWheelTouchesGround(int wheel)
+{
+  return ((LCR_racing.wheelCollisions & (LCR_racing.wheelCollisions >> 4))
+    >> wheel) & 0x01;
+}
+
 void LCR_racingStep(unsigned int input)
 {
+  TPE_Vec3 carForw, carRight, carUp;
   TPE_Vec3 vel = TPE_vec3(0,0,0);
 
   if (input)
   {
     if (input & LCR_RACING_INPUT_FORW)
-      vel.z = LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 32;
+      vel.y = LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 8;
     
     if (input & LCR_RACING_INPUT_BACK)
-      vel.y = LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 32;
+      vel.z = LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 32;
 
     if (input & LCR_RACING_INPUT_RIGHT)
       vel.x = LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT / 32;
@@ -123,10 +189,52 @@ void LCR_racingStep(unsigned int input)
   }
 
   TPE_bodyApplyGravity(&(LCR_racing.carBody),
-    TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT / 32
+    TPE_F / 32
   );
 
+  LCR_racing.wheelCollisions <<= 4;
   TPE_worldStep(&(LCR_racing.physicsWorld));
+
+  carForw = TPE_vec3Normalized(TPE_vec3Plus(
+    TPE_vec3Minus(LCR_racing.carBody.joints[2].position,
+                  LCR_racing.carBody.joints[0].position),
+    TPE_vec3Minus(LCR_racing.carBody.joints[3].position,
+                  LCR_racing.carBody.joints[1].position)));
+
+  carRight = TPE_vec3Normalized(TPE_vec3Plus(
+    TPE_vec3Minus(LCR_racing.carBody.joints[1].position,
+                  LCR_racing.carBody.joints[0].position),
+    TPE_vec3Minus(LCR_racing.carBody.joints[3].position,
+                  LCR_racing.carBody.joints[2].position)));
+
+  carUp = TPE_vec3Cross(carForw,carRight);
+
+  if (TPE_vec3Dot(carUp,TPE_vec3Minus(LCR_racing.carBody.joints[4].position,
+      LCR_racing.carBody.joints[0].position)) < 0)
+  {
+    /* if the car falls on its roof the center joint may flip to the other
+       side, here we fix it */
+
+// LCR_log("car flipped over, fixing");
+
+    LCR_racing.carBody.joints[4].position = TPE_vec3Plus(TPE_vec3Times(carUp,
+      LCR_GAME_UNIT / 4),LCR_racing.carBody.joints[4].position);
+  }
+
+  LCR_racing.carPositions[1] = LCR_racing.carPositions[0];
+
+  #define AVERAGE(c) \
+    (((((LCR_racing.carBody.joints[0].position.c + \
+         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[1].position.c + \
+         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[2].position.c + \
+         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[3].position.c) / 4) + \
+         LCR_racing.carBody.joints[4].position.c) / 2) * \
+         LCR_GAME_UNIT) / LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT
+
+  LCR_racing.carPositions[0].x = AVERAGE(x);
+  LCR_racing.carPositions[0].y = AVERAGE(y);
+  LCR_racing.carPositions[0].z = AVERAGE(z);
+  #undef AVERAGE
 }
 
 void LCR_physicsDebugDraw(LCR_GameUnit camPos[3], LCR_GameUnit camRot[2],
@@ -138,13 +246,13 @@ void LCR_physicsDebugDraw(LCR_GameUnit camPos[3], LCR_GameUnit camRot[2],
   cPos.y = (camPos[1] * LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
   cPos.z = (camPos[2] * LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
 
-  cRot.x = (camRot[0] * TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
+  cRot.x = (camRot[0] * TPE_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
-  cRot.y = (camRot[1] * TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
+  cRot.y = (camRot[1] * TPE_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
   cRot.z = 0; 
 
   cView.x = LCR_EFFECTIVE_RESOLUTION_X;
   cView.y = LCR_EFFECTIVE_RESOLUTION_Y;
-  cView.z = (camFov * TPE_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
+  cView.z = (camFov * TPE_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
 
   TPE_worldDebugDraw(&(LCR_racing.physicsWorld),_LCR_drawPhysicsDebugPixel,
     cPos,cRot,cView,16,2 * LCR_PHYSICS_UNIT);

renderer.h

@@ -17,8 +17,8 @@
 #include "small3dlib.h"
 
 /// Renderer specific unit, length of one map square.
-#define LCR_RENDERER_UNIT (S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT / 2)
+#define LCR_RENDERER_UNIT (S3L_F / 2)
-        // ^ just S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT leaves some tris bugging
+        // ^ just S3L_F leaves some tris bugging
 
 #define LCR_RENDERER_CHUNK_RESOLUTION 4 // do not change
 #define LCR_RENDERER_LOD_BLOCKS 64      // do not change
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 #define LCR_RENDERER_CHUNKS_TOTAL (LCR_RENDERER_CHUNK_RESOLUTION * \
   LCR_RENDERER_CHUNK_RESOLUTION * LCR_RENDERER_CHUNK_RESOLUTION)
 
-#define LCR_RENDERER_MODEL_COUNT 9
+#define LCR_RENDERER_MODEL_COUNT 10
 
 #define LCR_RENDERER_CAR_SCALE (LCR_RENDERER_UNIT / 4)
 
@@ -37,7 +37,8 @@ struct
 {
   S3L_Scene scene;
   S3L_Model3D mapModel; ///< whole map model
-  S3L_Model3D *carModel;  
+  S3L_Model3D *carModel;
+  S3L_Model3D *ghostModel;
 
   // TODO: ghostModel
   
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ struct
     The scene model array.
     0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7: nearest map chunk models
     8:                      car model
+    9:                      ghost model
   */
   S3L_Model3D models[LCR_RENDERER_MODEL_COUNT];
 
@@ -70,11 +72,6 @@ struct
   */
   uint8_t gridOfLODs[LCR_RENDERER_LOD_BLOCKS];
 
-  // pixel function precomputed values:
-  uint32_t previousTriID;
-  int triUVs[6];
-  uint8_t texSubsampleCount;
-
 #if LCR_ANIMATE_CAR
   S3L_Unit wheelRotation;
   S3L_Unit wheelTurn;
@@ -82,6 +79,13 @@ struct
   S3L_Unit animatedCarVerts[LCR_CAR_VERTEX_COUNT * 3];
 #endif
 
+  // pixel function precomputed values:
+  uint32_t previousTriID;
+  int triUVs[6];
+  int texSubsampleCount;
+  unsigned int flatAndTransparent; /**< If non-zero, transparent (dithered)
+                                        polygons will be drawn without texture,
+                                        with color stored in this variable. */
 } LCR_renderer;
 
 void LCR_rendererSetCarTransform(LCR_GameUnit position[3],
@@ -95,11 +99,11 @@ void LCR_rendererSetCarTransform(LCR_GameUnit position[3],
     (position[2] * LCR_RENDERER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;
 
   LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.rotation.x = S3L_wrap((rotation[0] *
-    S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT);
+    S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,S3L_F);
   LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.rotation.y = S3L_wrap((rotation[1] *
-    S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT);
+    S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,S3L_F);
   LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.rotation.z = S3L_wrap((rotation[2] *
-    S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT);
+    S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,S3L_F);
 }
 
 void _LCR_pixelFuncc3D(S3L_PixelInfo *pixel)
@@ -108,12 +112,18 @@ void _LCR_pixelFuncc3D(S3L_PixelInfo *pixel)
   if (pixel->triangleID != LCR_renderer.previousTriID)
   {
     LCR_renderer.previousTriID = pixel->triangleID;
+    LCR_renderer.flatAndTransparent = 0;
 
 #if LCR_SETTING_TEXTURE_SUBSAMPLE != 0
     LCR_renderer.texSubsampleCount = 0;
 #endif
 
-    if (pixel->modelIndex == 8)
+    if (pixel->modelIndex == 9)
+    {
+      // car ghost model
+      LCR_renderer.flatAndTransparent = LCR_SETTING_GHOST_COLOR;
+    }
+    else if (pixel->modelIndex == 8)
     {
       // car model
 
@@ -197,8 +207,15 @@ void _LCR_pixelFuncc3D(S3L_PixelInfo *pixel)
     }
   }
 
-  uint16_t color;
+  if (LCR_renderer.flatAndTransparent)
+  {
+    if (pixel->x % 2 == pixel->y % 2)
+      LCR_drawPixelXYUnsafe(pixel->x,pixel->y,LCR_renderer.flatAndTransparent);
+   
+    return;
+  }
 
+  uint16_t color;
 
 #if LCR_SETTING_TEXTURE_SUBSAMPLE != 0
   if (LCR_renderer.texSubsampleCount == 0)
@@ -214,11 +231,11 @@ void _LCR_pixelFuncc3D(S3L_PixelInfo *pixel)
       (barycentric[0] * LCR_renderer.triUVs[0] +
        barycentric[1] * LCR_renderer.triUVs[2] +
        barycentric[2] * LCR_renderer.triUVs[4])
-       / (S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT / 8),
+       / (S3L_F / 8),
       (barycentric[0] * LCR_renderer.triUVs[1] +
        barycentric[1] * LCR_renderer.triUVs[3] +
        barycentric[2] * LCR_renderer.triUVs[5])
-       / (S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT / 8));
+       / (S3L_F / 8));
 
 #if LCR_SETTING_TEXTURE_SUBSAMPLE != 0
     LCR_renderer.texSubsampleCount = LCR_SETTING_TEXTURE_SUBSAMPLE;
@@ -755,6 +772,7 @@ uint8_t LCR_rendererInit(void)
   _LCR_rendererComputeLOD();
 
   LCR_renderer.carModel = LCR_renderer.models + 8;
+  LCR_renderer.ghostModel = LCR_renderer.models + 9;
 
   S3L_model3DInit(
 #if LCR_ANIMATE_CAR
@@ -766,6 +784,20 @@ uint8_t LCR_rendererInit(void)
     LCR_carTriangles,LCR_CAR_TRIANGLE_COUNT,
     LCR_renderer.carModel);
 
+  S3L_vec4Set(&(LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.scale),
+    LCR_RENDERER_CAR_SCALE,LCR_RENDERER_CAR_SCALE,LCR_RENDERER_CAR_SCALE,0);
+
+  S3L_model3DInit(
+    LCR_carVertices
+    ,LCR_CAR_VERTEX_COUNT,
+    LCR_carTriangles,LCR_CAR_TRIANGLE_COUNT,
+    LCR_renderer.ghostModel);
+
+  LCR_renderer.ghostModel->transform.scale =
+    LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.scale; 
+
+LCR_renderer.ghostModel->transform.translation.x -= LCR_GAME_UNIT / 4;
+
 #if LCR_ANIMATE_CAR
   for (int i = 0; i < LCR_CAR_VERTEX_COUNT * 3; ++i)
     LCR_renderer.animatedCarVerts[i] = LCR_carVertices[i];
@@ -799,10 +831,6 @@ uint8_t LCR_rendererInit(void)
   LCR_renderer.wheelTurn = 0;
 #endif
 
-  LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.scale.x = LCR_RENDERER_CAR_SCALE;
-  LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.scale.y = LCR_RENDERER_CAR_SCALE;
-  LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.scale.z = LCR_RENDERER_CAR_SCALE;
-
   S3L_sceneInit(
     LCR_renderer.models,LCR_RENDERER_MODEL_COUNT,&LCR_renderer.scene);
 
@@ -820,14 +848,14 @@ void LCR_rendererGetCameraTransform(LCR_GameUnit position[3],
     LCR_GAME_UNIT) / LCR_RENDERER_UNIT;
 
   rotation[0] = (LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.x *
-    LCR_GAME_UNIT) / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+    LCR_GAME_UNIT) / S3L_F;
   rotation[1] = (LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.y *
-    LCR_GAME_UNIT) / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+    LCR_GAME_UNIT) / S3L_F;
   rotation[2] = (LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.z *
-    LCR_GAME_UNIT) / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+    LCR_GAME_UNIT) / S3L_F;
 
   *fov = (LCR_renderer.scene.camera.focalLength * LCR_GAME_UNIT)
-    / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+    / S3L_F;
 }
 
 void LCR_rendererMoveCamera(LCR_GameUnit forwRightUpOffset[3],
@@ -836,29 +864,29 @@ void LCR_rendererMoveCamera(LCR_GameUnit forwRightUpOffset[3],
   S3L_Vec4 f, r, u;
 
   S3L_rotationToDirections(LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation,
-    S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT,&f,&r,&u);
+    S3L_F,&f,&r,&u);
 
   LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.x +=
     ((f.x * forwRightUpOffset[0] + r.x * forwRightUpOffset[1] + 
-    u.x * forwRightUpOffset[2]) * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;      
+    u.x * forwRightUpOffset[2]) * S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;      
  
   LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y +=
     ((f.y * forwRightUpOffset[0] + r.y * forwRightUpOffset[1] + 
-    u.y * forwRightUpOffset[2]) * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;      
+    u.y * forwRightUpOffset[2]) * S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;      
 
   LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.z +=
     ((f.z * forwRightUpOffset[0] + r.z * forwRightUpOffset[1] + 
-    u.z * forwRightUpOffset[2]) * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;      
+    u.z * forwRightUpOffset[2]) * S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT;      
   
   LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.y = S3L_wrap(
     LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.y +
-    (yawPitchOffset[0] * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,
+    (yawPitchOffset[0] * S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,
-    S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT);
+    S3L_F);
 
   LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.x = S3L_clamp(
     LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.x +
-    (yawPitchOffset[1] * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,
+    (yawPitchOffset[1] * S3L_F) / LCR_GAME_UNIT,
-    -1 * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT / 4,S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT / 4);
+    -1 * S3L_F / 4,S3L_F / 4);
 
 #define chk(o,c,l) \
   if (LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.c o l) \
@@ -976,7 +1004,7 @@ void _LCR_rendererDrawLODBlock(int blockX, int blockY, int blockZ, unsigned int
 
 /**
   Draws background sky, offsets are in multiples of screen dimensions
-  (e.g. S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT / 2 for offsetH means half the screen width).
+  (e.g. S3L_F / 2 for offsetH means half the screen width).
 */
 void LCR_rendererDrawSky(int sky, S3L_Unit offsetH, S3L_Unit offsetV)
 {
@@ -993,7 +1021,7 @@ void LCR_rendererDrawSky(int sky, S3L_Unit offsetH, S3L_Unit offsetV)
   bottomColor = LCR_sampleImage(LCR_IMAGE_SIZE - 1,LCR_IMAGE_SIZE - 1);
 
   anchorPoint[0] = ((LCR_EFFECTIVE_RESOLUTION_X * offsetH)
-    / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT) %
+    / S3L_F) %
     (2 * LCR_IMAGE_SIZE * LCR_SETTING_SKY_SIZE);
 
   if (anchorPoint[0] < 0)
@@ -1001,7 +1029,7 @@ void LCR_rendererDrawSky(int sky, S3L_Unit offsetH, S3L_Unit offsetV)
 
   anchorPoint[1] = 
     (LCR_EFFECTIVE_RESOLUTION_Y) / 3 - // 3: we place the center a bit more up
-    (LCR_EFFECTIVE_RESOLUTION_Y * offsetV) / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT
+    (LCR_EFFECTIVE_RESOLUTION_Y * offsetV) / S3L_F
     - LCR_IMAGE_SIZE * LCR_SETTING_SKY_SIZE;
   
   pixelIndex = 0;
@@ -1266,8 +1294,8 @@ void _LCR_rendererAnimateCar(void)
         LCR_renderer.wheelRotationCenters[offset + 1];
 
       tmp = v[0];
-      v[0] = (v[0] * c - v[1] * s) / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+      v[0] = (v[0] * c - v[1] * s) / S3L_F;
-      v[1] = (tmp  * s + v[1] * c) / S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT;
+      v[1] = (tmp  * s + v[1] * c) / S3L_F;
 
       LCR_renderer.animatedCarVerts[index + 2] =
         v[0] + LCR_renderer.wheelRotationCenters[offset];
@@ -1282,12 +1310,12 @@ void _LCR_rendererAnimateCar(void)
 
         LCR_renderer.animatedCarVerts[index + 2] -=
           (LCR_renderer.animatedCarVerts[index] * LCR_renderer.wheelTurn)
-          / (8 * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT);
+          / (8 * S3L_F);
 
         LCR_renderer.animatedCarVerts[index] +=
           ((LCR_renderer.animatedCarVerts[index + 2] -
           LCR_renderer.wheelRotationCenters[0]) * LCR_renderer.wheelTurn)
-          / (2 * S3L_FRACTIONS_PER_UNIT);
+          / (2 * S3L_F);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -1296,86 +1324,57 @@ void _LCR_rendererAnimateCar(void)
 
 void LCR_rendererCameraFollow(void)
 {
+  S3L_Transform3D transPrev =
+    LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform;
 
-
-/*
   LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y =
-    LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.y + LCR_RENDERER_UNIT;
+    S3L_clamp(
-*/
+      LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y,
-
+      LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.y +
-/*
+      (LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT - LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND) *
-  TPE_Vec3 cPos = TPE_vec3KeepWithinDistanceBand(
+        LCR_RENDERER_UNIT / 8,
-    TPE_vec3(
+      LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.y +
-      s3l_scene.camera.transform.translation.x,
+      (LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT + LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND) *
-      s3l_scene.camera.transform.translation.y,
+        LCR_RENDERER_UNIT / 8);
-      s3l_scene.camera.transform.translation.z
-    ),carBody->joints[4].position,4 * TPE_F,6 * TPE_F);
-
-  s3l_scene.camera.transform.translation.x = cPos.x;
-  s3l_scene.camera.transform.translation.y = cPos.y;
-  s3l_scene.camera.transform.translation.z = cPos.z;
-*/
-
-
-/*
-  S3L_Unit tmp =
-    LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y -
-    LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.y;
-
-  tmp -= S3L_clamp(tmp,
-    (LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT -
-      LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND) * LCR_GAME_UNIT / 8,
-    (LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT +
-      LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND) * LCR_GAME_UNIT / 8);
-
-  LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y -= tmp;
-*/
-
- LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y =
-   S3L_clamp(
-     LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y,
-     LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.y +
-     (LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT - LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND) *
-       LCR_GAME_UNIT / 8,
-     LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.y +
-     (LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT + LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND) *
-       LCR_GAME_UNIT / 8);
-
- LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.x =
-   S3L_clamp(
-     LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.x,
-     LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.x -
-     LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_GAME_UNIT / 4,
-     LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.x +
-     LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_GAME_UNIT / 4);
-
- LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.z =
-   S3L_clamp(
-     LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.z,
-     LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.z -
-     LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_GAME_UNIT / 4,
-     LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.z +
-     LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_GAME_UNIT / 4);
-
 
+  LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.x =
+    S3L_clamp(
+      LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.x,
+      LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.x -
+      LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_RENDERER_UNIT / 4,
+      LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.x +
+      LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_RENDERER_UNIT / 4);
 
+  LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.z =
+    S3L_clamp(
+      LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.z,
+      LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.z -
+      LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_RENDERER_UNIT / 4,
+      LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation.z +
+      LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE * LCR_RENDERER_UNIT / 4);
 
   S3L_lookAt(LCR_renderer.carModel->transform.translation,
     &(LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform));
 
+#if LCR_SETTING_SMOOTH_ANIMATIONS
+  // now average with previous transform to smooth the animation out:
+  S3L_vec3Add(&(LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation),
+  transPrev.translation);
 
-/*
+  LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.x /= 2;
-  TPE_Unit angleDiff = s3l_scene.camera.transform.rotation.y -
+  LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.y /= 2;
-    (TPE_vec2Angle(toCar.x,toCar.z) - 128);
+  LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.translation.z /= 2;
 
-  s3l_scene.camera.transform.rotation.y -=
+  transPrev.rotation.x -= LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.x;
-    (angleDiff < 100 && angleDiff > -100) ? angleDiff / 2 : angleDiff;
+  transPrev.rotation.y -= LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.y;
-*/
 
+  if (S3L_abs(transPrev.rotation.x) < S3L_F / 4)
+    LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.x += transPrev.rotation.x / 2;
+
+  LCR_renderer.scene.camera.transform.rotation.y += transPrev.rotation.y / 2;
+#endif
 }
 
-
-
 void LCR_rendererDraw(void)
 {
   LCR_renderer.previousTriID = -1;
@@ -1394,12 +1393,11 @@ LCR_renderer.wheelTurn = S3L_sin(LCR_renderer.frame * 4);
   _LCR_rendererAnimateCar();
 #endif
 
-LCR_rendererCameraFollow();
-
   LCR_drawLevelFloor();
   LCR_rendererDrawLOD();
 
   S3L_drawScene(LCR_renderer.scene);
+ 
   LCR_renderer.frame++;
 }
 

settings.h

@@ -102,18 +102,28 @@
 
 #ifndef LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT
   /** Base height of the car follow camera, in 4ths of map block height. */
-  #define LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT 2
+  #define LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT 4
 #endif
 
 #ifndef LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND
   /** Size of height band of the follow camera, in same units as base height. */
-  #define LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND 1
+  #define LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_HEIGHT_BAND 2
 #endif
 
 #ifndef LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE
   /** Maximum horizontal distance of the car follow camera, in 4ths of map block
     width. */
-  #define LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE 2
+  #define LCR_SETTING_CAMERA_MAX_DISTANCE 6
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LCR_SETTING_GHOST_COLOR
+  /** Color of the ghost car (in RGB565). */
+  #define LCR_SETTING_GHOST_COLOR 0xff00
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LCR_SETTING_SMOOTH_ANIMATIONS
+  /** Whether to smooth out animations (car physics, camera movement etc.). */
+  #define LCR_SETTING_SMOOTH_ANIMATIONS 1
 #endif
 
 #endif // guard