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binary.md
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# Binary # Binary
The word binary in general refers to having two choices; in [computer science](compsci.md) binary refers to the base 2 numeral system, i.e. a system of writing numbers with only two symbols, usually [1](one.md)s and [0](zero.md)s. We can write any number in binary just as we can with our everyday [decimal](decimal.md) system, but binary is more convenient for computers because this system is easy to implement in [electronics](electronics.md) (a switch can be on or off, i.e. 1 or 0; systems with more digits were tried but unsuccessful, they failed miserably in reliability). The word *binary* is also by extension used for non-textual computer [files](file.md) such as native [executable](executable.md) programs or asset files for games. The word binary in general refers to having [two](two.md) choices; in [computer science](compsci.md) binary refers to the base 2 numeral system, i.e. a system of writing numbers with only two symbols, usually [1](one.md)s and [0](zero.md)s. We can write any number in binary just as we can with our everyday [decimal](decimal.md) system, but binary is more convenient for computers because this system is easy to implement in [electronics](electronics.md) (a switch can be on or off, i.e. 1 or 0; systems with more digits were tried but unsuccessful, they failed miserably in reliability -- see e.g. [ternary](ternary.md) computers). The word *binary* is also by extension used for non-textual computer [files](file.md) such as native [executable](executable.md) programs or asset files for games.
One binary digit can be used to store exactly 1 [bit](bit.md) of [information](information.md). So the number of places we have for writing a binary number (e.g. in computer memory) is called a number of bits or bit **width**. A bit width *N* allows for storing 2^N values (e.g. with 2 bits we can store 4 values: 0, 1, 2 and 3, in binary 00, 01, 10 and 11). One binary digit can be used to store exactly 1 [bit](bit.md) of [information](information.md). So the number of places we have for writing a binary number (e.g. in computer memory) is called a number of bits or bit width. A bit width *N* allows for storing 2^N values (e.g. with 2 bits we can store 4 values: 0, 1, 2 and 3, in binary 00, 01, 10 and 11).
At the basic level binary works just like the [decimal](decimal.md) (base 10) system we're used to. While the decimal system uses powers of 10, binary uses powers of 2. Here is a table showing a few numbers in decimal and binary: At the basic level binary works just like the [decimal](decimal.md) (base 10) system we're used to. While the decimal system uses powers of 10, binary uses powers of 2. Here is a table showing a few numbers in decimal and binary:

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# Encyclopedia
TODO
## Notable/Nice Encyclopedias
Here is a list of notable encyclopedias, focused on general knowledge English language ones.
{ See also https://wikiindex.org/. ~drummyfish }
| name | year | legal status | format | ~articles | comment |
| ------------------------------ | ----- | ---------------- | ----------- | --------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Britannica 11th edition | 1910 | PD (old) | 29 vol. | 40K | legendary enc., digitized (gutenberg) |
| Britannica online |...now | proprietary | online | 130K | bloated, high quality articles, ads |
| [Citizendium](citizendium.md) |2006...|proprietary? (NC) | online | 18K | Wikipedia alternative, censored, faggots have unclear license |
|[Conservaedia](conservapedia.md)|2006...| proprietary | online | 52K | American fascist wiki, has basic factual errors |
| Desk Reference Encyclopedia | 1995 | proprietary | 1 vol. 800p | 200K? | by James Hughes, nice illustrations, quality articles { I bought this. ~drummyfish } |
| Encyclopedia Dramatica |2004...| PD (CC0) | online | 15K | informal/fun/"offensive" but valuable info (on society, tech, ...), basically no censorship, no propaganda |
| Illustrated Family Encyclopedia| 1997 | proprietary | 2 vol. 920p | 5K | kid-friendly, nice pictures, USA bias, piratable |
|[Infogalactic](infogalactic.md) | | CC BY-SA | online | 2M | Wikipedia fork, no SJW censorship, FOR PROFIT (you can buy article control lol), can't make accounts |
| [LRS wiki](lrs_wiki.md) |2021...| PD (CC0) | online/elec.| 500 | best encyclopedia, focused on tech/society, no censorship |
| [Metapedia](metapedia.md) | | GFDL | online | 7K | Wikipedia fork, online, no SJW censorship, ATM limited account creation, "pro-European" fascism |
|Microsoft [Encarta](encarta.md) |...2009| proprietary | electronic | 62K | Micro$oft enc., low quality articles (errors), MS propaganda (no free software etc. lol), is on archive.org|
| Simple English Wikipedia |2001...| CC BY-SA | online | 200K | Wikipedia with simpler language and simpler explanations, censored |
| The Nuttall Encyclopaedia | 1907 | PD (old) | 1 vol. | 16K | short articles, oldschool, 16K articles, digitized (gutenberg) |
| [Vikidia](vikidia.md) | | CC BY-SA | online | 4K | "Wikipedia for kids", probably as censored as Wikipedia |
|Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |1864 | PD (old) | paper | 476K | short descriptions, digitized (gutenberg) |
| [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) |2001...| CC BY-SA | online | 6M | largest and most famous, EXTREME PSEUDOLEFTIST CENSORSHIP AND POLITICAL PROPAGANDA, free culture |
| Old Wikipedia | 2001 | GFDL | online | 19K | archived old Wikipedia, less censorship, https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org |
| Pears' Cyclopedia | 1897 | PD (old) | 1 vol. 740p | | contains dictionary, general knowl. maps, reference etc., scanned on archive.org |
| The World Book |1917...| proprietary | 22 vol. | 17K | best selling print enc., large, probably high quality |
| The World Book 1917 |1917 | PD (old) | 8 vol. | 3K | nicely readable |

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{ I was informed about this by a friend over email <3 I basically paraphrase here what he told me. See also http://www.modulatedlight.org/. ~drummyfish } { I was informed about this by a friend over email <3 I basically paraphrase here what he told me. See also http://www.modulatedlight.org/. ~drummyfish }
Ronja (reasonable optical near joint access) is a [free/open](foss.md) [KISS](kiss.md) device for wireless connection of two devices using light (i.e. optical communication) and the [ethernet](ethernet.md) protocol; it can be [made at home](diy.md), doesn't require any [MCUs](mcu.md) and as such can be considered a [LRS](lrs.md)/[suckless](suckless.md) alternative to traditional [WiFi](wifi.md) [routers](router.md) that are de-facto owned and controlled by [corporations](corporation.md). It works full [duplex](duplex.md) up to the distance of 1400 meters with a speed of 10 Mbps, which is pretty amazing. One can also imagine Ronja as a kind of ethernet cable, just implemented with light instead of electricity. The design is released under [GFDL](gfdl.md). The project website is at http://ronja.twibright.com/. Ronja (reasonable optical near joint access) is a [free/open](foss.md) [KISS](kiss.md) device for wireless connection of two devices using light (i.e. optical communication) and the [ethernet](ethernet.md) protocol; it can be [made at home](diy.md) (for about $100), doesn't require any [MCUs](mcu.md) and as such can be considered a [LRS](lrs.md)/[suckless](suckless.md) alternative to traditional [WiFi](wifi.md) [routers](router.md) that are de-facto owned and controlled by [corporations](corporation.md). It works full [duplex](duplex.md) up to the distance of 1400 meters with a speed of 10 Mbps, which is pretty amazing. One can also imagine Ronja as a kind of ethernet cable, just implemented with light instead of electricity. The design is released under [GFDL](gfdl.md). The project website is at http://ronja.twibright.com/.
There are many advantages in Ronja -- besides the mentioned KISS design and all its implications (freedom, repairability, cheap price, compatibility, ...), Ronja doesn't use radio so there are no bullshit issues with legal bands etc., it also works with just an ethernet card, offers a stable and constant transmission speed with very low latency, can be potentially harder to block with jammers and to spy on: besides visible light the transmission can also use infrared spectrum and narrow direction of transmission, as opposed to radiating to all directions like wi-fis, also the fast flickering of the LED is unnoticable by human or even normal cameras, therefore Ronja transmission is expensive to detect. Also note that some kind of protocol-level [encryption](encryption.md) can be used above Ronja, if one so desires. This makes it a nice communication tool for people under oppresive regimes like those in China or [USA](usa.md). There are many advantages in Ronja -- besides the mentioned KISS design and all its implications (freedom, repairability, cheap price, compatibility, ...), Ronja doesn't use radio so there are no bullshit issues with legal bands etc., it also works with just an ethernet card, offers a stable and constant transmission speed with very low latency, can be potentially harder to block with jammers and to spy on: besides visible light the transmission can also use infrared spectrum and narrow direction of transmission, as opposed to radiating to all directions like wi-fis, also the fast flickering of the LED is unnoticable by human or even normal cameras, therefore Ronja transmission is expensive to detect. Also note that some kind of protocol-level [encryption](encryption.md) can be used above Ronja, if one so desires. This makes it a nice communication tool for people under oppresive regimes like those in China or [USA](usa.md).

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## Alternatives ## Alternatives
Due to mass censorship and brainwashing going on at Wikipedia it is important to look for alternatives that are important especially when researching anything connected to politics, but also when you just want a simpler, more condensed explanation of some topic. This is a comparison of Wikipedia and some of its alternatives, as of 2023: Due to mass censorship and brainwashing going on at Wikipedia it is important to look for alternatives that are important especially when researching anything connected to politics, but also when you just want a simpler, more condensed explanation of some topic. There exist other online encyclopedias like [Metapedia](metapedia.md), [Citizendium](citizendium.md) or Britannica online, as well as printed enclopedias and old digitized encyclopedias like Britannica 11th edition. For a more comprehensive list of Wikipedia alternatives see the article on [encyclopedias](encyclopedia.md).
{ See also old Wikipedia at https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race. ~drummyfish } { See also old Wikipedia at https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race. ~drummyfish }
| encyclopedia | license | comment |
| --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|[Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) | CC BY-SA | biggest, mainstream, **EXTREME CENSORSHIP AND PROPAGANDA** |
|[old Wikip.](https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePage) | GFDL | archived old Wikipedia, less censorship |
|[Citizendium](citizendium.md) |PROPRIETARY? (CC BY-NC-SA)| similar to Wikipedia, probably censored as well, faggots have unclear license |
|[Metapedia](metapedia.md) | GFDL | Wikip. fork, no SJW censorship, ATM limited account creation, "pro-European" fascism |
|[Infogalactic](infogalactic.md) | CC BY-SA | Wikip. fork, no SJW censorship, **FOR PROFIT** (you can buy article control lol), can't make accounts |
|[installgentoo wiki](https://wiki.installgentoo.com) | "public domain" | mostly tech, seems very uncesored |
|[Britannica online](https://www.britannica.com/) | PROPRIETARY | proprietary, bloated, has ads, but nicely written |
|[Britannica 1910](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/search/?query=Britannica) | public domain | very old but large and completely free, without any modern propaganda |
|[WikiSpooks](wikispooks.md) | CC BY-SA | no SJW censorship, seems only focused on politics |
|[LRS wiki](lrs_wiki.md) | CC0 | best encyclopedia |
|[Conservaedia](conservapedia.md) | PROPRIETARY | American fascist wiki, has basic factual errors |
|[Vikidia](vikidia.md) | CC BY-SA | "Wikipedia for kids", probably as censored as Wikipedia |
|[Encyclopedia Dramatica](dramatica.md) | CC0 | informal/fun/"offensive" but valuable info (on society, tech, ...), basically no censorship, no propaganda |
|[Tor Hidden Wiki](http://zqktlwiuavvvqqt4ybvgvi7tyo4hjl5xgfuvpdf6otjiycgwqbym2qad.onion) | PROPRIETARY | Deepweb wiki on [Tor](tor.md), probably less censored. |
TODO: darknet wikis, old digital encyclopedias like Encarta
## See Also ## See Also
- [Wiki](wiki.md) - [Wiki](wiki.md)