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programming_language.md

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Which prints:
 
 We divide programming languages into different groups. Perhaps the most common divisions is to two groups:
 
-- **compiled** languages: Meant to be transformed by a [compiler](compiler.md) to a [native](native.md) (directly executable) binary program, i.e. before running the program we have to run it through the process of compilation into runnable form. These languages are typically more efficient but usually more difficult to program in, less flexible and the compiled programs are non-portable (can't just be copy-pasted to another computer with different [architecture](isa.md) and expected to run; note that this doesn't mean compiled languages aren't [portable](portability.md), just that the compiled EXECUTABLE is not). These languages are usually [lower level](low-level), use static and strong [typing](typing.md) and more of manual [memory management](memory_management.md). Examples: [C](c.md), [C++](cpp.md), [go](go.md), [Haskell](haskell.md) or [Pascal](pascal.md).
+- **compiled** languages: Meant to be transformed by a [compiler](compiler.md) to a [native](native.md) (directly executable) binary program, i.e. before running the program we have to run it through the process of compilation into runnable form. These languages are typically more efficient but usually more difficult to program in, less flexible and the compiled programs are non-portable (can't just be copy-pasted to another computer with different [architecture](isa.md) and expected to run; note that this doesn't mean compiled languages aren't [portable](portability.md), just that the compiled EXECUTABLE is not). These languages are usually [lower level](low_level.md), use static and strong [typing](typing.md) and more of manual [memory management](memory_management.md). Examples: [C](c.md), [C++](cpp.md), [go](go.md), [Haskell](haskell.md) or [Pascal](pascal.md).
 - **interpreted** languages: Meant to be interpreted by an [interpreter](interpreter.md) "on-the-go", i.e. what we write we can also immediately run; these languages are often used for **[scripting](scripting.md)**. To run such program you need the interpreter of the language installed on your computer and this interpreter reads the [source code](source_code.md) as it is written and performs what it dictates (well, this is actually simplified as the interpreter normally also internally does a kind of quick "lightweight" compilation, but anyway...). These languages are generally less efficient (slower, use more RAM) but also more flexible, easier to program in and [independent of platforms](platform_independent.md). These languages usually [higher-level](high_level.md), use weak and dynamic [typing](typing.md) and automatic [memory management](memory_management.md) ([garbage collection](garbage_collection.md), ...). Examples: [Python](python.md), [Perl](perl.md), [JavaScript](js.md) and [BASH](bash.md).
 
 Sometimes the distinction here may not be completely clear, for example Python is normally considered an interpreted language but it can also be compiled into [bytecode](bytecode.md) and even native code. [Java](java.md) is considered more of a compiled language but it doesn't compile to native code (it compiles to bytecode). [C](c.md) is traditionally a compiled language but there also exist C interpreters. [Comun](comun.md) is meant to be both compiled and interpreted etc.
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ We can divide language in many more ways, for example based on their **[paradigm
 A computer language consists of two main parts:
 
 - **[syntax](syntax.md)**: The grammar rules and words, i.e. how the language "looks", what expressions we are allowed to write in it. Syntax says which words can follow other words, if indentation has to follow some rules, how to insert comments in the source code, what format numbers can be written in, what kinds of names variables can have etc. Syntax is the surface part, it's often considered not as important or hard as semantics (e.g. syntax errors aren't really a big deal as the language processor immediately catches them and we correct them easily), but a good design of syntax is nevertheless still very important because that's what the programmer actually deals with a great amount of time.
-- **[semantics](semantics)**: The meaning of what we write, i.e. semantics says what the syntax actually stands for. E.g. when syntax says it is possible to write `a / b`, semantics says this means the mathematical operation of division and furthermore specifies what *a* and *b* can actually be, what happens if *b* is zero etc. Semantics is the deeper part as firstly it is more difficult to define and secondly it gives the language its [features](feature.md), its power to compute, usability, it can make the language robust or prone to errors, it can make it efficient or slow, easy and hard to compile, optimize etc.
+- **[semantics](semantics.md)**: The meaning of what we write, i.e. semantics says what the syntax actually stands for. E.g. when syntax says it is possible to write `a / b`, semantics says this means the mathematical operation of division and furthermore specifies what *a* and *b* can actually be, what happens if *b* is zero etc. Semantics is the deeper part as firstly it is more difficult to define and secondly it gives the language its [features](feature.md), its power to compute, usability, it can make the language robust or prone to errors, it can make it efficient or slow, easy and hard to compile, optimize etc.
 
 We also commonly divide a language to two main parts:
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Only the **third generation languages** made the step of adding significant [abs
 
 During late 60s the term [object oriented programming](oop.md) (OOP) appeared, as well as first languages such as Simula and [Smalltalk](smalltalk.md) that were based on this [paradigm](paradigm.md). Back then it was a rather academic experiment, not really harmful in itself; later on OOP would be seized and raped by capitalists to break computers. In 1964 the language called **[BASIC](basic.md)** appeared that was aimed at making programming easier even for non-professionals -- it would become a very popular language for the home computers. On a similar not in 1970 **[Pascal](pascal.md)** was created to be an educational language -- some hackers already saw this as too much of a retardization of programming languages (see the famous *Real Programmers Don't Use Pascal* essay).
 
-One of the most notable events in history of programming languages was the invention of the **[C](c.md) language** in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kerninghan who used it as a tool for their [Unix](unix.md) operating system. The early version C was quite different from today's C but the language as a whole is undoubtedly the most important one in history -- it's not the most elegant one but it achieved the exactly correct mixture of features, simplicity and correct design choices such as allowing freedom and flexibility of implementation that would in turn lead to extreme efficiency and adoption by many, to standardization, further leading to many implementations and their high [optimization](optimization.dm) which in turned increased C's popularity yet more and so on. From this point on new languages would typically in one way or another try to iterate on C. Also in 1972 the **first [esoteric programming language](esolang.md)** -- INTERCAL -- was created as kind of parody language. This would create a dedicated community of people creating similar "funny" language, which is highly active even today.
+One of the most notable events in history of programming languages was the invention of the **[C](c.md) language** in 1972 by Dennis Ritchie and Brian Kerninghan who used it as a tool for their [Unix](unix.md) operating system. The early version C was quite different from today's C but the language as a whole is undoubtedly the most important one in history -- it's not the most elegant one but it achieved the exactly correct mixture of features, simplicity and correct design choices such as allowing freedom and flexibility of implementation that would in turn lead to extreme efficiency and adoption by many, to standardization, further leading to many implementations and their high [optimization](optimization.md) which in turned increased C's popularity yet more and so on. From this point on new languages would typically in one way or another try to iterate on C. Also in 1972 the **first [esoteric programming language](esolang.md)** -- INTERCAL -- was created as kind of parody language. This would create a dedicated community of people creating similar "funny" language, which is highly active even today.
 
 In 1978 the Intel 8086 [CPU](cpu.md) was released, giving rise to the **[x86](x86.md) assembly** language -- the assembly that would become perhaps the most widely used ones, owing to the popularity of Intel CPUs. In 1979 Bjarne Stroustrup sadly started to work on **[C++](cpp.md)**, a language that would rape the concept of [object oriented programming](oop.md) introduced by languages like Simula and Smalltalk in a highly twisted, [capitalist way](capitalist_software.md), starting the trend of creating ugly, [bloated](bloat.md) languages focused on profit making.