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computer.md
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@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Computers we normally talk about in daily conversations are [electronic](electro
Such a computer consists of some kind of [case](case.md) (chassis), internal [hardware](hardware.md) plus [peripheral devices](peripheral.md) that serve for [input and output](io.md) -- these are for example a [keyboard](keyboard.md) and [mouse](mouse.md) (input devices), a [monitor](monitor.md) (output device) or [harddisk](hdd.md) (input/output device). The internals of the computer normally include:
- **[motherboard](motherboard.md)**: The main electronic circuit of the computer into which other components are plugged and which creates the network and interfaces that interconnect them (a [chipset](chipset.md)). It contains slots for expansion cards as well as connectors for external devices, e.g. [USB](usb.md). In a small memory on the board there is the most basic software ([firmaware](firmware.md)), such as [BIOS](bios.md), to e.g. enable installation of other software. The board also carries the [clock](clock.md) generator for synchronization of all hardware, heat sensors etc.
- **[motherboard](motherboard.md)**: The main electronic circuit of the computer into which other components are plugged and which creates the network and interfaces that interconnect them (a [chipset](chipset.md)). It contains slots for expansion cards as well as connectors for external devices, e.g. [USB](usb.md). In a small memory on the board there is the most basic software ([firmaware](firmware.md)), such as [BIOS](bios.md), to e.g. enable installation of other software. The board also carries the [clock](clock.md) generator for synchronization of all hardware, heat sensors etc.
- **[CPU](cpu.md)** (central processing unit): Core of the computer, the chip plugged into motherboard that performs general calculations and which runs [programs](program.md), i.e. [software](sw.md).
- **[RAM](ram.md)/working memory**: Lower capacity volatile (temporary, erased when powered off) working memory of the computer, plugged into motherboard. It is used as a "pen and paper" by the CPU when performing calculations.
- **[disk](disk.md)**: [Non-volatile](volatile.md) (persisting when powered off) large capacity memory for storing [files](file.md) and other [data](data.md), connected to the motherboard via some kind of [bus](bus.md). Different types of disks exist, most commonly [hard disks](hdd.md) and [SSDs](ssd.md).
@ -35,33 +35,40 @@ Such a computer consists of some kind of [case](case.md) (chassis), internal [ha
## Notable Computers
Here is a list of notable computers that have existed.
Here is a list of notable computers.
| name | year | specs (max, approx) | comment |
| -------------------------------------- | ---- | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Antikythera mechanism | -125 | ~30 gears, largest with 223 teth | 1st known comp., by Greeks (mech., analog) |
| [Z3](z3.md) | 1941 | 176B RAM, CPU 10Hz 22bit 2600 relays | 1st fully programmable electronic digital computer|
| [ENIAC](eniac.md) | 1945 | ~85B RAM, ~5KHz CPU, 18000 vaccum tubes | 1st general purpose computer |
| [PDP](pdp.md) 11 | 1970 | 4M RAM, CPU 1.25Mhz 16bit | legendary [mini](minicomputer.md) |
| [Apple II](apple_ii.md) | 1977 | 64K RAM, 1MHz CPU 8bit | popular TV-attached home computer by Apple |
| [Atari](atari.md) 800 | 1979 | 8K RAM, CPU 1.7MHz 8bit | popular TV-attached home computer by Atari |
| [VIC 20](vic_20.md) | 1980 | 32K RAM, 1MHz CPU 8bit, 20K ROM | successful TV-connected home computer by Commodore|
| [IBM PC](ibm_pc.md) | 1981 | 256K RAM, CPU 4.7MHz 16bit, BASIC, DOS | 1st personal computer as we know it now, modular |
| [Commodore 64](c64.md) | 1982 | 64K RAM, 20K ROM, CPU 1MHz 8bit | very popular TV-connected home computer |
| [ZX Spectrum](zx_spectrum.md) | 1982 | 128K RAM, CPU 3.5MHz 8bit | successful UK TV-connected home comp. by Sinclair |
| [NES](nes.md)/Famicom | 1983 | 2K RAM, 2K VRAM, CPU 1.7MHz 8bit, PPU | TV-connected Nintendo game console |
| [Amiga](amiga.md) | 1985 | 256K RAM, 256K ROM, CPU 7MHz 16bit, AmigaOS | personal compuer by Commodore, ahead of its time |
| [SNES](snes.md) | 1990 | 128K RAM, 64K VRAM, CPU 21MHz 16bit | game console, NES successor |
| [Deep Blue](deep_blue.md) | 1995 | 30 128MHz CPUs, ~11 GFLOPS | 1st computer to defeat world chess champion |
| [GameBoy Color](gbc.md) | 1998 | 32K RAM, 16K VRAM, CPU 2MHz 8bit, 160x144 | handheld gaming console from Ninetendo |
| [GameBoy Advance](gba.md) | 2001 | ~256K RAM, 96K VRAM, CPU 16MHz 32bit ARM, 240x160 | handheld gaming console from Ninetendo |
| [ThinkPad](thinkpad.md) X200 | 2008 | 8G RAM, CPU 2.6GHz, Wifi | legendary laptop, great constr., freedom friendly |
| [ThinkPad](thinkpad.md) T400 | 2008 | 8G RAM, CPU 2.8GHz, Wifi | legendary laptop, great constr., freedom friendly |
| [Raspberry Pi 3](rpi.md) | 2016 | 1G RAM, CPU 1.4GHz ARM, Wifi | very popular tiny inexpensive SBC |
| [Arduboy](arduboy.md) | 2016 | 2.5K RAM, CPU 16MHz ARM 8bit, 1b display | tiny Arduino [open console](open_console.md) |
| [Pokitto](pokitto.md) | 2017 | 36K RAM, 256K ROM, CPU 72MHz ARM | indie educational [open console](open_console.md) |
| [Raspberry Pi 4](rpi.md) | 2019 | 8G RAM, CPU 1.5GHz ARM, Wifi | tiny inexpensive SBC, usable as desktop |
|[PD computer](public_domain_computer.md)| | | planner LRS computer |
| [Deep Thought](deep_thought.md) | | | fictional computer from Hitchhiker's Guide ... |
| name | year | specs (max, approx) | comment |
| --------------------------------------- | ---- | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Antikythera mechanism | -125 | ~30 gears, largest with 223 teth | 1st known comp., by Greeks (mech., analog) |
| Difference Engine | 1822 | 8 digit numbers, 24 axles, 96 wheels | mech. digital comp. of polynomials, by Babbage |
| Analytical Engine design | 1837 | ~16K RAM, 40 digit numbers | 1st general purpose comp, not realized, by Babbage|
| [Z3](z3.md) | 1941 | 176B RAM, CPU 10Hz 22bit 2600 relays | 1st fully programmable electronic digital computer|
| [ENIAC](eniac.md) | 1945 | ~85B RAM, ~5KHz CPU, 18000 vaccum tubes | 1st general purpose computer |
| [PDP](pdp.md) 11 | 1970 | 4M RAM, CPU 1.25Mhz 16bit | legendary [mini](minicomputer.md) |
| [Apple II](apple_ii.md) | 1977 | 64K RAM, 1MHz CPU 8bit | popular TV-attached home computer by Apple |
| [Atari](atari.md) 800 | 1979 | 8K RAM, CPU 1.7MHz 8bit | popular TV-attached home computer by Atari |
| [VIC 20](vic_20.md) | 1980 | 32K RAM, 1MHz CPU 8bit, 20K ROM | successful TV-connected home computer by Commodore|
| [IBM PC](ibm_pc.md) | 1981 | 256K RAM, CPU 4.7MHz 16bit, BASIC, DOS | 1st personal computer as we know it now, modular |
| [Commodore 64](c64.md) | 1982 | 64K RAM, 20K ROM, CPU 1MHz 8bit | very popular TV-connected home computer |
| [ZX Spectrum](zx_spectrum.md) | 1982 | 128K RAM, CPU 3.5MHz 8bit | successful UK TV-connected home comp. by Sinclair |
| [NES](nes.md)/Famicom | 1983 | 2K RAM, 2K VRAM, CPU 1.7MHz 8bit, PPU | TV-connected Nintendo game console |
| [Amiga](amiga.md) | 1985 | 256K RAM, 256K ROM, CPU 7MHz 16bit, AmigaOS | personal compuer by Commodore, ahead of its time |
| [SNES](snes.md) | 1990 | 128K RAM, 64K VRAM, CPU 21MHz 16bit | game console, NES successor |
| [PlayStation](playstation.md) | 1994 | 2M RAM, 1M VRAM, CPU 33MHz 32bit, CD-ROM | popular TV-connected game console by Sony |
| [Deep Blue](deep_blue.md) | 1995 | 30 128MHz CPUs, ~11 GFLOPS | 1st computer to defeat world chess champion |
| [Nintendo 64](n64.md) | 1996 | 8M RAM, CPU 93MHz 64bit, 64M ROM cartr. | famous TV-connected game console |
| [GameBoy Color](gbc.md) | 1998 | 32K RAM, 16K VRAM, CPU 2MHz 8bit, 160x144 | handheld gaming console from Ninetendo |
| [GameBoy Advance](gba.md) | 2001 | ~256K RAM, 96K VRAM, CPU 16MHz 32bit ARM, 240x160 | successor to GBC |
| [Xbox](xbox.md) | 2001 | 64M RAM, CPU 733MHz Pentium III | TV-connected game console by Micro$oft |
| [ThinkPad](thinkpad.md) X200 | 2008 | 8G RAM, CPU 2.6GHz, Wifi | legendary laptop, great constr., freedom friendly |
| [ThinkPad](thinkpad.md) T400 | 2008 | 8G RAM, CPU 2.8GHz, Wifi | legendary laptop, great constr., freedom friendly |
| [Raspberry Pi 3](rpi.md) | 2016 | 1G RAM, CPU 1.4GHz ARM, Wifi | very popular tiny inexpensive SBC |
| [Arduboy](arduboy.md) | 2016 | 2.5K RAM, CPU 16MHz AVR 8bit, 1b display | tiny Arduino [open console](open_console.md) |
| [Pokitto](pokitto.md) | 2017 | 36K RAM, 256K ROM, CPU 72MHz ARM | indie educational [open console](open_console.md) |
| [Raspberry Pi 4](rpi.md) | 2019 | 8G RAM, CPU 1.5GHz ARM, Wifi | tiny inexpensive SBC, usable as desktop |
| [Deep Thought](deep_thought.md) | | | fictional computer from Hitchhiker's Guide ... |
| [HAL 9000](hal_9000.md) | | | fictional AI computer (2001: A Space Oddysey) |
|[PD computer](public_domain_computer.md) | | | planned LRS computer |
|[Turing machine](turing_machine.md) | | | important theoretical computer by Alan Turing |
TODO: mnt reform 2, ti-89, PS, XBox, quantum?
TODO: mnt reform 2, ti-89, quantum?, calculators, NDS, iPhone?