Update

history.md

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ The year 1492 marks the **discovery of America** by Christopher Columbus who sai
 
 In 1642 Blaise Pascal, a french [mathematician](math.md)/inventor/philosopher, invented *Pascaline*, a simple [mechanical](mechanical.md) calculator (however building on ideas dating back to antiquity), laying some very early foundations for automatic computation. (The [Pascal](pascal.md) programming language is named after him.) Shortly after Pascal another genius, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, further developed some basic theory (related e.g. to [binary](binary.md) system and [algorithms](algorithm.md)) that would much later on evolve into computer science.
 
-During 1700s a major shift in civilization occurred, called the **[Industrial Revolution](industrial_revolution.md)** -- this was another disaster that would lead to the transformation of common people to factory slaves and loss of their self sufficiency. The revolution spanned roughly from 1750 to 1850. It was a process of rapid change in the whole society due to new technological inventions that also led to big changes in how a man lived his daily life. It commenced in Great Britain but quickly spread over the whole world. One of the main changes was the **transition from manual manufacturing to factory manufacturing** using machines and sources of energy such as coal. **[Steam engine](steam_engine.md) played a key role**. Work became a form of a highly organized slavery system, society became industrionalized. This revolution became highly [criticized](ted_kaczynski.md) as it unfortunately opened the door for [capitalism](capitalism.md), made people dependent on the system as everyone had to become a specialized cog in the society machine, at this time people started to measure time in minutes and lead very planned lives with less joy. But there was no way back.
+During 1700s a major shift in civilization occurred to designate our further direction, called the **[Industrial Revolution](industrial_revolution.md)** -- this was another disaster that would lead to the transformation of common people to factory slaves and loss of their self sufficiency. The revolution spanned roughly from 1750 to 1850. It was a process of rapid change in the whole society due to new technological inventions that also led to big changes in how a man lived his daily life. It commenced in Great Britain but quickly spread over the whole world. One of the main changes was the **transition from manual manufacturing to factory manufacturing** using machines and sources of energy such as coal. **[Steam engine](steam_engine.md) played a key role**. Work became a form of a highly organized slavery system, society became industrionalized. This revolution became highly [criticized](ted_kaczynski.md) as it unfortunately opened the door for [capitalism](capitalism.md), made people dependent on the system as everyone had to become a specialized cog in the society machine, at this time people started to measure time in minutes and lead very planned lives with less joy. But there was no way back.
 
 In 1712 Thomas Newcomen invented the first widely used **[steam engine](steam_engine.md)** used mostly for pumping water, even though steam powered machines have already been invented long time ago. The engine was significantly improved by [James Watt](james_watt.md) in 1776. Around 1770 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot created a first somewhat working **steam-powered [car](car.md)**. In 1784 William Murdoch built a small prototype of a **[steam locomotive](steam_locomotive.md)** which would be perfected over the following decades, leading to a transportation revolution; people would be able to travel far away for work, the world would become smaller which would be the start of **[globalization](globalization.md)**. The railway system would make common people measure time with minute precision.
 
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ In 1792 Clause Chappe invented **[optical telegraph](optical_telegraph.md)**, al
 
 By 1800 Alessandro Volta invented an **electric battery**. 1816 is known as **The Year Without Summer** for an unusual, catastrophic event -- now theorized to have been a giant volcanic eruption -- that for many months made the Sun get obscured and decreased temperatures, resulting in large famines. In 1827 André-Marie Ampère publishes a further work shedding light on [electromagnetism](electromagneticm.md). After this **[electric telegraph](telegraph.md)** would be worked on and improved by several people and eventually made to work in practice. In 1821 Michael Faraday invented the **[electromotor](electromotor.md)**. Georg Ohm and especially [James Maxwell](maxwell.md) would subsequently push the knowledge of electricity even further.
 
-In 1822 [Charles Babbage](charles_babbage.md), a fantastic English mathematician, completed the first version of a manually powered **[digital](digital.md) [mechanical](mechanical.md) [computer](computer.md)** called the Difference Engine whose purpose was to help with the computation of [polynomial](polynomial.md) [derivatives](derivative.md) to subsequently create mathematical tables used e.g. in navigation. It was met with success and further development became funded by the government, however difficulties of the construction led to never finishing the whole project. In 1837 Babbage designed a new machine, this time a **[Turing complete](turing_complete.md) general purpose computer**, i.e. allowing for programming with branches and loops, a true marvel of technology. It also ended up not being built completely, but it showed a lot about what computers would be, e.g. it had an [assembly](assembly.md)-like programming language, memory etc. For this computer [Ada Lovelace](ada_lovelace.md) would famously write the Bernoulli number algorithm.
+In 1822 [Charles Babbage](charles_babbage.md), a fantastic English mathematician, completed the first version of a manually powered **[digital](digital.md) [mechanical](mechanical.md) [computer](computer.md)** called the Difference Engine whose purpose was to help with the computation of [polynomial](polynomial.md) [derivatives](derivative.md) to subsequently create mathematical tables used e.g. in navigation. It was met with success and further development became funded by the government, however difficulties of the construction led to never finishing the whole project. In 1837 Babbage proceeded to designing a new machine, this time a **[Turing complete](turing_complete.md) general purpose computer**, i.e. allowing for programming with branches and loops, a true marvel of technology. It also ended up not being built completely, but it showed a lot about what computers would be, e.g. it had an [assembly](assembly.md)-like programming language, memory etc. For this computer [Ada Lovelace](ada_lovelace.md) would famously write the Bernoulli number algorithm.
 
 In 1826 or 1827 French inventor Nicéphore Niépce captured **first [photography](photo.md)** that survived until today -- a view from his estate named Le Gras. About an 8 hour exposure was used (some say it may have taken several days). He used a [camera obscura](camera_obscura.md) and asphalt plate that hardened where the light was shining. Earlier cases of photography existed maybe as early as 1717, but they were only short lived.
 
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ In 1924 about 50% of US households own a car.
 
 October 22 1925 witnessed the invention of **[transistor](transistor.md)** by Julius Lilienfeld (Austria-Hungary), a component that would replace vacuum tubes thanks to its better properties, and which would become probably the most essential part of computers. At the time the invention didn't see much attention, it would only become relevant decades later.
 
-In 1931 [Kurt Gödel](kurt_godel.md), a genius mathematician and logician from Austria-Hunagry (nowadays [Czech](czech.md) Republic), published revolutionary papers on his [incompleteness theorems](incompleteness.md) which [proved](proof.md) that, simply put, mathematics has fundamental limits and "can't prove everything". This led to **[Alan Turing](turing.md)**'s publications in 1936 that nowadays stand as the **foundations of [computer science](compsci.md)** -- he introduced a theoretical computer called the **[Turing machine](turing_machine.md)** and with it he proved that computers, no matter how powerful, will never be able to "compute everything". Turing also predicted the importance of computers in the future and has created several [algorithms](algorithm.md) for future computers (such as a [chess](chess.md) playing program).
+In 1931 [Kurt Gödel](kurt_godel.md), a genius mathematician and logician from Austria-Hunagry (nowadays [Czech](czech.md) Republic), published revolutionary papers on his [incompleteness theorems](incompleteness.md) which [proved](proof.md) that, simply put, mathematics has fundamental limits and "can't prove everything". This led to **[Alan Turing](turing.md)**'s publications in 1936 that nowadays stand as the **foundations of [computer science](compsci.md)** -- he introduced a theoretical computer called the **[Turing machine](turing_machine.md)** and with it he proceeded to prove that computers, no matter how powerful, will never be able to "compute everything". Turing also predicted the importance of computers in the future and has created several [algorithms](algorithm.md) for future computers (such as a [chess](chess.md) playing program).
 
 In 1938 [Konrad Zuse](konrad_zuse.md), a German engineer, constructed **[Z1](z1.md), the first working electric mechanical [digital](digital.md) partially programmable computer** in his parents' house. It weighted about a ton and wasn't very reliable, but brought huge innovation nevertheless. It was programmed with punched film tapes, however programming was limited, it was NOT [Turing complete](turing_complete.md) and there were only 8 instructions. Z1 ran on a frequency of 1 to 4 Hz and most operations took several clock cycles. It had a 16 word memory and worked with [floating point](float.md) numbers. The original computer was destroyed during the war but it was rebuilt and nowadays can be seen in a Berlin museum. Zuse also soon created what's regarded as the **first [programming language](programming_language.md)**, [Plankalkul](plankalkul.md).
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ From 1939 to 1945 there was **[World War II](ww2.md)**.
 
 In hacker culture the period between 1943 (start of building of the [ENIAC](eniac.md) computer) to about 1955-1960 is known as the **Stone Age of computers** -- as the [Jargon File](jargon_file.md) puts it, the age when electromechanical [dinosaurs](dinosaur.md) ruled the Earth.
 
-In 1945 the construction of **the first electronic digital fully programmable computer** was completed at University of Pennsylvania as the US Army project. It was named **[ENIAC](eniac.md)** (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It used 18000 vacuum tubes and 15000 relays, weighted 27 tons and ran on the frequency of 5 KHz. [Punch cards](punch_card.md) were used to program the computer in its machine language; it was [Turing complete](turing_complete.md), i.e. allowed using branches and loops. ENIAC worked with signed ten digit decimal numbers. Also in 1945 on July 16 Americans detonated the first nuclear bomb in history as a test, later on that year **[USA](usa.md) used two nuclear bombs to murder hundreds of thousands of civilians** in Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Around this time [John von Neumann](von_neumann.md), a great genius with wide areas of interest, is also making great contributions to computer science, famously e.g. proposing the von Neumann computer architecture in which the program and data are stored in the same memory -- a concept that would be highly utilized in the future.
+In 1945 the construction of **the first electronic digital fully programmable computer** was completed at University of Pennsylvania as the US Army project. It was named **[ENIAC](eniac.md)** (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). It used 18000 vacuum tubes and 15000 relays, weighted 27 tons and ran on the frequency of 5 KHz. [Punch cards](punch_card.md) were used to program the computer in its machine language; it was [Turing complete](turing_complete.md), i.e. allowed using branches and loops. ENIAC worked with signed ten digit decimal numbers. Also in 1945 on July 16 Americans detonated the first nuclear bomb in history as a test, later on that year **[USA](usa.md) used two nuclear bombs to murder hundreds of thousands of civilians** in Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki, with American president laughing from afar. Around this time [John von Neumann](von_neumann.md), a great genius with wide areas of interest, is also making great contributions to computer science, famously e.g. proposing the von Neumann computer architecture in which the program and data are stored in the same memory -- a concept that would be highly utilized in the future.
 
 Among hackers the period between 1961 to 1971 is known as the **Iron Age of computers**. The period spans time since the first minicomputer ([PDP1](pdp1.md)) to the first microprocessor ([Intel 4004](intel4004.md)). This would be followed by so called *elder days*.
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ At the beginning of 1991 [Tim Berners-Lee](berners_lee.md) created the **[World
 
 Shortly after the **[Soviet Union](ussr.md) dissolved** and on 25 August 1991 **[Linus Torvalds](linus_torvalds.md) announced [Linux](linux.md)**, his project for a completely [free as in freedom](free_software.md) Unix-like [operating system](os.md) kernel. Linux would become part of [GNU](gnu.md) and later one of the biggest and most successful software projects in history. It would end up powering Internet servers and supercomputers as well as desktop computers of a great number of users. Linux proved that free software works and surpasses proprietary systems.
 
-After this very recent history follows, it's hard to judge which recent events will be of historical significance much later. [1990s](90s.md) have seen a huge growth of computer power, video [games](game.md) such as [Doom](doom.md) led to development of [GPU](gpu.md)s and high quality computer graphics along with a wide adoption of computers by common people, which in turn helped the further growth of Internet. In around mid 90s the [web](www.md) overtook [gopher](gopher.md) in popularity and started to become the forefront of the Internet. Late 90s saw the rise of the ["open source" movement](open_source.md) ([OSI](osi.md) was established in 1998). Worthy of mention is also the first animal cloned from an adult cell, sheep named Dolly, in 1996. In 1997 computer first beat human world [chess](chess.md) champion, it was the famous Kasparov vs [Deep Blue](deep_blue.md) match. February 15 1999 was the [Windows](windows.md) refund day on which GNU/Linux users tried, in accord with Windows EULA, to refund Windows shipped with laptops they bought, and were subsequently given a middle finder by [Micro$oft](microsoft.md). Year 2000 was infamously preceded by the [Y2K](y2k.md) hysteria, the [fear](fear_culture.md) of technological [collapse](collapse.md) that was to be caused by computers flipping from year 99 to 00 -- this of course didn't happen. With the year 2000 [21st century](21st_century.md) starts. Shortly after 2000 [Lawrence Lessig](lessig.md) founded [Creative Commons](creative_commons.md), an organization that came hand in hand with the [free culture](free_culture.md) movement inspired by the [free software movement](free_software.md). At this point over 50% of US households had a computer. In 2003 the whole human [DNA](dna.md) was sequenced after 13 years of international collaborative effort. From 2005 we've seen a boom of [social networks](social_net.md) like [Facebook](facebook.md), [Twitter](twitter.md) and [YouTube](youtube.md) and also skyrocketing popularity of online and massively online games, owing a lot to the gigantic success of [World of Warcraft](wow.md); all of these contributed to making Internet and computers one of the most mainstream and lucrative things, ruining everything. Cell phones became a commonly owned item and after about 2005 so called "[smart](smart.md) phones" and other "smart" devices replaced them as a universal communication device capable of connecting to the Internet. Year 2010 seems to be the turning point beyond which societal decline accelerated immensely; 1990s seem to have been the peak of society, after the year 2000 society started to slowly decline but by inertia things were still relatively good for about another decade. In 2011 [Minecraft](minecraft.md) was released. After this we've seen the rise of [Bitcoin](bitcoin.md) and other [cryptocurrencies](crypto.md). Before 2020 we've also seen a brief spike in popularity of [VR](vr.md) (that would diminish again) and a huge advancement in [neural network](neural_network.md) [Artificial Intelligence](ai.md) which will likely be the topic of the future. 2022 saw the release of [ChatGPT](chatgpt.md), the AI chatbot that made a worldwide sensation by its human-like nature and intelligence -- the event will likely be seen as the moment of transition to a truly human-like AI. [Quantum computers](quantum.md) are being highly researched with already existing primitive prototypes; this will also likely be very important in the following years. Besides AI there were also [drones](drone.md), electromobiles, robotic Mars exploration and other things. However the society and technology have been in decadence for some time now, [capitalism](capitalism.md) has pushed technology to become hostile and highly [abusive to users](capitalist_software.md), extreme [bloat](bloat.md) of technology causes highly inefficient, extremely expensive and unreliable technology. In addition society is dealing with a lot of serious issues such as the [global warming](global_warming.md) and many people are foreseeing a [collapse of society](collapse.md).
+After this very recent history follows, it's hard to judge which recent events will be of historical significance much later. [1990s](90s.md) have seen a huge growth of computer power, video [games](game.md) such as [Doom](doom.md) led to development of [GPU](gpu.md)s and high quality computer graphics along with a wide adoption of computers by common people, which in turn helped the further growth of Internet. In around mid 90s the [web](www.md) overtook [gopher](gopher.md) in popularity and started to become the forefront of the Internet. Late 90s saw the rise of the ["open source" movement](open_source.md) ([OSI](osi.md) was established in 1998). Worthy of mention is also the first animal cloned from an adult cell, sheep named Dolly, in 1996. In 1997 computer first beat human world [chess](chess.md) champion, it was the famous Kasparov vs [Deep Blue](deep_blue.md) match. February 15 1999 was the [Windows](windows.md) refund day on which GNU/Linux users tried, in accord with Windows EULA, to refund Windows shipped with laptops they bought, and were subsequently given a middle finder by [Micro$oft](microsoft.md). Year 2000 was infamously preceded by the [Y2K](y2k.md) hysteria, the [fear](fear_culture.md) and anticipation of technological [collapse](collapse.md) that was to be caused by computers flipping from year 99 to 00 -- this of course didn't happen. With the year 2000 [21st century](21st_century.md) starts. Shortly after 2000 [Lawrence Lessig](lessig.md) founded [Creative Commons](creative_commons.md), an organization that came hand in hand with the [free culture](free_culture.md) movement inspired by the [free software movement](free_software.md). At this point over 50% of US households had a computer. In 2003 the whole human [DNA](dna.md) was sequenced after 13 years of international collaborative effort. From 2005 we've seen a boom of [social networks](social_net.md) like [Facebook](facebook.md), [Twitter](twitter.md) and [YouTube](youtube.md) and also skyrocketing popularity of online and massively online games, owing a lot to the gigantic success of [World of Warcraft](wow.md); all of these contributed to making Internet and computers one of the most mainstream and lucrative things, ruining everything. Cell phones became a commonly owned item and after about 2005 so called "[smart](smart.md) phones" and other "smart" devices replaced them as a universal communication device capable of connecting to the Internet. Year 2010 seems to be the turning point beyond which societal decline accelerated immensely; 1990s seem to have been the peak of society, after the year 2000 society started to slowly decline but by inertia things were still relatively good for about another decade. In 2011 [Minecraft](minecraft.md) was released. After this we've seen the rise of [Bitcoin](bitcoin.md) and other [cryptocurrencies](crypto.md). Before 2020 we've also seen a brief spike in popularity of [VR](vr.md) (that would diminish again) and a huge advancement in [neural network](neural_network.md) [Artificial Intelligence](ai.md) which will likely be the topic of the future. 2022 saw the release of [ChatGPT](chatgpt.md), the AI chatbot that made a worldwide sensation by its human-like nature and intelligence -- the event will likely be seen as the moment of transition to a truly human-like AI. [Quantum computers](quantum.md) are being highly researched with already existing primitive prototypes; this will also likely be very important in the following years. Besides AI there were also [drones](drone.md), electromobiles, robotic Mars exploration and other things. However the society and technology have been in decadence for some time now, [capitalism](capitalism.md) has pushed technology to become hostile and highly [abusive to users](capitalist_software.md), extreme [bloat](bloat.md) of technology causes highly inefficient, extremely expensive and unreliable technology. In addition society is dealing with a lot of serious issues such as the [global warming](global_warming.md) and many people are foreseeing a [collapse of society](collapse.md).
 
 ## Recent History Of Technology