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# CC0
CC0 is a [waiver](waiver.md) (similar to a [license](license.md)) of copyright, created by [Creative Commons](creative_commons.md), that can be used to dedicate one's work to the [public domain](public_domain.md).
CC0 is a [waiver](waiver.md) (similar to a [license](license.md)) of copyright, created by [Creative Commons](creative_commons.md), that can be used to dedicate one's work to the [public domain](public_domain.md) (kind of).
Unlike a license, a waiver such as this *removes* the author's copyright; by using CC0 the author willingly gives up his own copyright so that the work will no longer be owned by anyone (while a license preserves the author's copyright while granting some rights to other people). It's therefore the most [free](free_software.md) and [permissive](permissive.md) option for releasing intellectual works. CC0 is designed in a pretty sophisticated way, it also waives "neighboring rights" ([moral rights](moral_rights.md)), and also contains a fallback license in case waiving copyright isn't possible in a certain country. For this CC0 is one of the best ways, if not the best, of truly and completely dedicating works to public domain world-wide (well, at least in terms of copyright). In this world of extremely fucked up [intellectual property](intellectual_property.md) laws it is not enough to state "my work is public domain" -- you need to use something like CC0 to achieve legally valid public domain status.
Unlike a license, a waiver such as this *removes* (at least effectively) the author's copyright; by using CC0 the author willingly gives up his own copyright so that the work will no longer be owned by anyone (while a license preserves the author's copyright while granting some rights to other people). It's therefore the most [free](free_software.md) and [permissive](permissive.md) option for releasing intellectual works. CC0 is designed in a pretty sophisticated way, it also waives "neighboring rights" ([moral rights](moral_rights.md)), and also contains a fallback license in case waiving copyright isn't possible in a certain country. For this CC0 is one of the best ways, if not the best, of truly and completely dedicating works to public domain world-wide (well, at least in terms of copyright). In this world of extremely fucked up [intellectual property](intellectual_property.md) laws it is not enough to state "my work is public domain" -- you need to use something like CC0 to achieve legally valid public domain status.
CC0 is recommended by [LRS](lrs.md) for both programs and other art -- however for programs additional waivers of [patents](patent.md) should be added as CC0 doesn't deal with patents. CC0 is endorsed by the [FSF](fsf.md) but not [OSI](osi.md) (who rejected it because it explicitly states that trademarks and patents are NOT waived).

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Examining any subject in depth requires also understanding its context. Politics and technology nowadays are very much intertwined and the politics of a society ultimately significantly affects what its technology looks like ([capitalist SW](capitalist_software.md), [censorship](censorship.md), [bloat](bloat.md), [spyware](spyware.md), [DRM](drm.md), ...), what goals it serves (consumerism, [productivity](productivity_cult.md), control, war, peace, ...) and how it is developed ([COCs](cos.md), [free software](free_software.md), ...), so studying technology ultimately requires understanding politics around it. I hate arguing about politics, but it is inevitable, we have to specify real-life goals clearly if we're to create good technology. Political goals guide us in making important design decisions about features, [tradeoffs](tradeoff.md) and other attributes.
Of course you can fork this wiki and try to remove politics from it, but I think it won't be possible to just keep the technology part alone so that it makes sense, most things will be left without justification and explanation.
### What is the political direction of LRS then?
[Anarcho pacifist](anpac.md) [communism](communism.md), however we are NOT [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) (i.e. we don't support political correctness, violence, cancel culture, Marxism-Leninism etc.). We create technology to help everyone and abuse no one, i.e. a technology for the society of people that are socially (not necessarily physically) equal. Aiming for equality we reject anti-equality means and concepts such as violence, censorship, bullying, canceling, capitalism, governments, police, wars etc.
### WTF I am offended, is this a nazi site? Are you racist/Xphobic? Do you love Hitler?!?!
We're not fascists, we're in fact the exact opposite: our aim is to create technology that benefits everyone equally without any discrimination. I (drummyfish) am personally a pacifist anarchist, I love all living beings and believe in absolute social equality of all life forms. We invite and welcome everyone here, be it gays, communists, rightists, trannies, pedophiles or murderers, we love everyone equally, even you and Hitler.
@ -44,6 +50,10 @@ What we do NOT engage in is political correctness, censorship, offended culture,
The culture of being offended is [bullshit](bullshit.md), it is a [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) (fascist) invention that serves as a weapon to justify censorship, canceling and bullying of people. Since I love all people, I don't support any weapons against anyone (not even against people I dislike or disagree with). People are offended by language because they're taught to be offended by it by the propaganda, I am helping them unlearn it.
### I dislike this wiki, our teacher taught us that global variables are bad and that OOP is good.
This is not a question you dummy. Have you even read the title of this page? Anyway, your teacher is stupid, he is, very likely unknowingly, just spreading the capitalist propaganda. He probably believes what he's saying but he's wrong.
### Are you retarded?
:( Maybe, but even a stupid person can sometimes have smart ideas.
:( Maybe, but even a stupid person can sometimes have smart ideas.

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# FSF
FSF stands for Free Software Foundation, a non-profit organization established by [Richard Stallman](rms.md) with the goal of promoting and supporting [free as in freedom software](free_software.md), software that respects its users' freedom.
FSF stands for Free Software Foundation, a non-profit organization established by [Richard Stallman](rms.md) with the goal of promoting and supporting [free as in freedom software](free_software.md), software that respects its users' freedom.
## History
TODO

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# Linear Algebra
In [mathematics](math.md) linear algebra is an extension of the classical elemental algebra ("operations with numbers") to [vectors](vector.md) and [matrices](matrix.md). It is a basic tool of advanced mathematics and [computer science](computer_science.md) and at least at the very basic level should be known by every [programmer](programmer.md).
In [mathematics](math.md) linear algebra is an extension of the classical elemental algebra ("operations with numbers/variables") to [vectors](vector.md) and [matrices](matrix.md). It is a basic tool of advanced mathematics and [computer science](computer_science.md) and at least at the very basic level should be known by every [programmer](programmer.md).
## The Basics

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# Linux
Linux is a "[FOSS](foss.md)" [unix-like](unix_like.md) [operating system](operating_system.md) [kernel](kernel.md), probably the most successful and famous non-[proprietary](proprietary.md) kernel. Linux is NOT a whole operating system, only its basic part -- for a whole operating system more things need to be added, such as some kind of [user interface](ui.md) and actual user programs, and this is what [Linux distributions](linux_distro.md) do (there are dozens, maybe hundreds of these) -- Linux distributions, such as [Debian](debian.md), [Arch](arch.md) or [Ubuntu](ubuntu.md) are complete operating systems (but beware, most of them are not fully [FOSS](foss.md)).
Linux is a "[FOSS](foss.md)" [unix-like](unix_like.md) [operating system](operating_system.md) [kernel](kernel.md), probably the most successful and famous non-[proprietary](proprietary.md) kernel. Linux is NOT a whole operating system, only its basic part -- for a whole operating system more things need to be added, such as some kind of [user interface](ui.md) and actual user programs, and this is what [Linux distributions](linux_distro.md) do (there are dozens, maybe hundreds of these) -- Linux distributions, such as [Debian](debian.md), [Arch](arch.md) or [Ubuntu](ubuntu.md) are complete operating systems (but beware, most of them are not fully [FOSS](foss.md)). Linux is one of the biggest collaborative programming projects, as of now it has more than 15000 contributors.
Linux is written in the [C](c.md) language, specifically the old C89 standard, as of 2022 (there seem to be plans to switch to a newer version). This is of course good.
Linux is typically combined with a lot of [GNU](gnu.md) software and the [GNU](gnu.md) project (whose goal is to create a [free](free_software.md) OS) uses Linux as its official kernel, so in the wild we usually encounter the term [GNU/Linux](gnu_linux.md). Some people just can't be bothered to acknowledge the work of GNU and just call GNU/Linux systems "Linux" (without GNU/). Fuck them.
Linux is sometimes called [free as in freedom](free_software.md), however it is hardly deserving the label, it is more of an [open-source](open_source.md) or [FOSS](foss.md) project because:
Linux is sometimes called [free as in freedom](free_software.md), however it is hardly deserving the label, it is more of an [open-source](open_source.md) or [FOSS](foss.md) project. **Linux is in many ways bad**, especially lately. Some reasons for this are:
- It actually includes [proprietary](proprietary.md) software in the form of [binary blobs](blob.md) ([drivers](drivers.md)). The [Linux-libre](linux_libre.md) project tries to fix this.
- It's development practices are [sus](sus.md), it is involved with many unethical corporations (through the [linux foundation](linux_foundation.md)) including [Microsoft](microsoft.md) (one of the greatest enemies of free software) who is trying to take control over it, [Google](google.md), [Intel](intel.md), [IBM](ibm.md) and others. It includes a fascist [code of conduct](coc.md) (`linux/Documentation/process/code-of-conduct.rst`).
- It doesn't really enforce it's license ([GPL](gpl.md)) legally -- we're not advocating legal battles, but the fact that they entertain a license and then don't use it indicates it may be there just for good image.
- It is [bloat](bloat.md) and in some ways [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md) (just try to fork Linux, maintain it and add/modify actual features).
- It is [tranny software](tranny_software.md) and has a fascist [code of conduct](coc.md) (`linux/Documentation/process/code-of-conduct.rst`).
- It's development practices are [sus](sus.md), it is involved with many unethical corporations (through the [linux foundation](linux_foundation.md)) including [Microsoft](microsoft.md) (one of the greatest enemies of free software) who is trying to take control over it, [Google](google.md), [Intel](intel.md), [IBM](ibm.md) and others.
- It is a monolithic kernel which goes against the [KISS](kiss.md) philosophy.
- It is [bloat](bloat.md) and [bloat monopoly](bloat_monopoly.md) and in some ways [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md) (just try to fork Linux, maintain it and add/modify actual features).
- It uses a restrictive [GPL](gpl.md) license as opposed to a permissive one. Also it doesn't really enforce its license legally -- we're not advocating legal battles, but the fact that they entertain a license and then don't use it indicates it may be there just for good image.
Nevertheless, despite its mistakes, Linux offers a relatively comfy, powerful and (still) safe [unix](unix.md)/[POSIX](posix.md) environment which means it can be drop-in replaced with another unix-like system without this causing you much trouble, so using Linux is at this point considered OK (until Microsoft completely seizes it at which point we migrate probably to [BSD](bsd.md)). It can be made fairly [minimal](minimalism.md) (see e.g. [KISS Linux](kiss_linux.md) and [Puppy Linux](puppy.md)) and [LRS](lrs.md)/[suckless](suckless.md) friendly.
Nevertheless, despite its mistakes, Linux offers a relatively comfy, powerful and (still) safe [unix](unix.md)/[POSIX](posix.md) environment which means it can be drop-in replaced with another unix-like system without this causing you much trouble, so using Linux is at this point considered OK (until Microsoft completely seizes it at which point we migrate probably to [BSD](bsd.md) or [GNU Hurd](hurd.md)). It can be made fairly [minimal](minimalism.md) (see e.g. [KISS Linux](kiss_linux.md) and [Puppy Linux](puppy.md)) and [LRS](lrs.md)/[suckless](suckless.md) friendly.
Linux is so called monolithic kernel and as such is more or less [bloat](bloat.md). However it "[just works](just_works.md)" and has a great [hardware](hardware.md) support so it wins many users over alternatives such as BSD.
@ -26,7 +30,7 @@ Some alternatives to Linux are:
{ Some history of Linux can be read in the biography of Linus Torvalds called *Just For Fun*. ~drummyfish }
Linux was created by [Linus Torvalds](linus_torvalds.md). He started the project in 1991 as a university student. He read a book about operating system design and [Unix](unix.md) and became fascinated with it. Then when he bought a new no-name PC (4 MB RAM, 33 MHz CPU), he install [Minix](minix.md) on it, a then-[proprietary](proprietary.md) [Unix-like](unix.md) operating system. He was frustrated about some features of Minix and started to write his own software such as terminal emulator, disk driver and [shell](shell.md), and he made it all [POSIX](posix.md) compliant.
Linux was created by [Linus Torvalds](linus_torvalds.md). He started the project in 1991 as a university student. He read a book about operating system design and [Unix](unix.md) and became fascinated with it. Then when he bought a new no-name PC (4 MB RAM, 33 MHz CPU), he install [Minix](minix.md) on it, a then-[proprietary](proprietary.md) [Unix-like](unix.md) operating system. He was frustrated about some features of Minix and started to write his own software such as terminal emulator, disk driver and [shell](shell.md), and he made it all [POSIX](posix.md) compliant. These slowly started to evolve into an OS kernel.
Linus originally wanted to name the project *Freax*, thinking *Linux* would sound too self-centered. However the admin of an FTP server that hosted the files renamed it to *Linux*, and the name stuck.

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- Elegant by its simple, well thought-through solutions. (This is to be contrasted with modern rapid development.)
- No [bullshit](bullshit.md) such as [codes of conduct](coc.md), tricky licensing conditions etc.
## Politics
The underlying politics behind LRS is [anarcho pacifist](anpac.md) [communism](communism.md), but NOT [pseudoleftism](pseudoleftism.md) (i.e. we do not support political correctness, [COC](coc.md)s, [cancel culture](cancel_culture.md), Marxism-Leninism etc.). We aim for true social (not necessarily physical) equality of everyone, our technology helps everyone equally. We reject anti-equality means such as violence, bullying, censorship, [governments](government.md) and [capitalism](capitalism.md).
**We love all living beings**, even those we disagree with and whom we dislike.
## Specific Software
The "official" LRS programs and libraries have so far been solely developed by [drummyfish](drummyfish.md), the "founder" of LRS. These include:

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# Maintenance
Maintenance is [shitty](shit.md) [work](work.md) whose goal is just to keep a program functioning without improving it. Maintenance is extremely expensive, tiresome and enslaves humans to machines -- we try to minimize the maintenance cost as much as possible! Good programs should go to great lengths in effort to becoming highly [future-proof](future_proof.md) and [suckless](suckless.md) in order to avoid maintenance.
Maintenance is [shitty](shit.md) [work](work.md) whose goal is just to keep a program functioning without improving it. Maintenance is extremely expensive, tiresome and enslaves humans to machines -- we try to minimize the maintenance cost as much as possible! Good programs should go to great lengths in effort to becoming highly [future-proof](future_proof.md) and [suckless](suckless.md) in order to avoid high maintenance cost.
Typical "[modern](modern.md)" capitalist/consumerist software (including most [free software](free_software)) is ridiculously bad at avoiding maintenance -- such programs will require one to many programmers maintaining it every single day and will become unrunnable in matter of months to years without this constant maintenance that just wastes time of great minds. I don't know what to say, this is just plainly wrong.
Typical "[modern](modern.md)" capitalist/consumerist software (including most [free software](free_software)) is ridiculously bad at avoiding maintenance -- such programs will require one to many programmers maintaining it every single day and will become unrunnable in matter of months to years without this constant maintenance that just wastes time of great minds. I don't know what to say, this is just plainly fucked up.

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# Mathematics
Mathematics (also math or maths) is the best [science](science.md) (yes, it is a formal science), which deals with numbers, abstract structures and logic. In fact it's the only true science that can actually prove things. It is immensely important in [programming](programming.md) and [computer science](compsci.md).
Mathematics (also math or maths) is the best [science](science.md) (yes, it is a formal science), which deals with numbers, abstract structures and logic in as rigorous and objective way as possible. In fact it's the only true science that can actually prove things. It is immensely important in [programming](programming.md) and [computer science](compsci.md).
[Soydevs](soydev.md), coding monkeys (such as webdevs) and just retards in general hate math because they can't understand it. They think they can do programming without math, which is just ridiculous. This delusion stems mostly from these people being highly incompetent and without proper education -- all they've ever seen was a shallow if-then-else [python](python.md) "programming" of baby programs or point-and-click "programming" in gigantic [GUI](gui.md) frameworks such as [Unity](unity.md) where everything is already preprogrammed for them. By DunningKruger they can't even see how incompetent they are and what real programming is about and they think everyone just if-then-elses everything. In reality, this is like thinking that merely being able to read and write makes you someone being capable of being a great writer or that being able to drive a car makes you able to designs and construct cars. Such people will be able to get jobs and do some repetitive tasks such as web development or system administration, but they will never create anything innovative and all they will ever create will be ugly, [bloated](bloat.md) if-then-else solution that will likely do more harm than good.
Some see math not as a science but rather a discipline that develops formal tools for "true sciences".
On the other hand, one does not have be a math PhD in order to be a great programmer in most fields. Sure, knowledge and overview of advanced mathematics is needed to excel, to be able to spot and sense elegant solutions, but beyond these essentials that anyone can learn with a bit of will it's really more about just not being afraid of math, accepting and embracing the fact that it permeates what we do and studying it when the study of a new topic is needed.
[Soydevs](soydev.md), coding monkeys (such as webdevs) and just retards in general hate math because they can't understand it. They think they can do programming without math, which is just ridiculous. This delusion stems mostly from these people being highly incompetent and without proper education -- all they've ever seen was a shallow if-then-else [python](python.md) "[coding](coding.md)" of baby programs or point-and-click "coding" in gigantic [GUI](gui.md) frameworks such as [Unity](unity.md) where everything is already preprogrammed for them. By DunningKruger they can't even see how incompetent they are and what real programming is about and they think everyone just if-then-elses everything. In reality, this is like thinking that merely being able to read and write makes you someone being capable of being a great writer or that being able to drive a car makes you able to designs and construct cars. Such people will be able to get jobs and do some repetitive tasks such as web development or system administration, but they will never create anything innovative and all they will ever create will be ugly, [bloated](bloat.md) if-then-else solution that will likely do more harm than good.
On the other hand, one does not have to be a math [PhD](phd.md) in order to be a good programmer in most fields. Sure, knowledge and overview of advanced mathematics is needed to excel, to be able to spot and sense elegant solutions, but beyond these essentials that anyone can learn with a bit of will it's really more about just not being afraid of math, accepting and embracing the fact that it permeates what we do and studying it when the study of a new topic is needed.
## Overview
Following are some areas and topics which a programmer should be familiar with:
- **basics** (high-school level math): arithmetic, expression simplification, functions, equations, geometry, trigonometry, systems of linear equations, quadratic equations, [complex numbers](complex_number.md), logarithms, analythical geomtery (many problems generalize to intersecions of N-dimensional shapes), [polynomials](polynomial.md) (used in many areas, e.g. error correction codes in networking), ...
- **advanced notation**: ability to understand the notation that's often used in papers etc. (the big sigma for sum etc.)
- **formal [logic](logic.md)**: computers are based on Boolean logic, knowing basic formulas and theorems here is crucial (e.g. the completeness of [NAND](nand.md)), formal logic is also just generally used in formal texts, one should know about predicate vs propositional logic, the notation symbols, etc.
- **[linear algebra](linear_algebra.md)**: aka "vectors and matrices", essential in many fields such as [graphics](graphics.md) and [machine learning](machine_learning.md).
- **basics** (high-school level math): arithmetic, algebra, expressions, [functions](function.md), [equations](equation.md), geometry, [trigonometry](trigonometry.md)/goniometry, systems of linear equations, quadratic equations, [complex numbers](complex_number.md), [logarithms](lofarithm.md), analythical geometry (many problems are equivalent to relationships of shapes in N dimensional spaces), [polynomials](polynomial.md) (used in many areas, e.g. error correction codes in networking), ...
- **advanced notation**: ability to understand the notation that's often used in papers etc. (the big sigma for sum, calculus notation etc.)
- **formal [logic](logic.md)**: computers are based on [Boolean](boolean.md) logic, knowing basic formulas and theorems here is crucial (e.g. the completeness of [NAND](nand.md)), formal logic is also just generally used in formal texts, one should know about predicate vs propositional logic, the notation etc.
- **[linear algebra](linear_algebra.md)**: aka "vectors and matrices", essential in almost every field ([graphics](graphics.md), [machine learning](machine_learning.md), ...).
- **[calculus](calculus.md) and differential equations**: just essential for advanced math and many fields (graphics, machine learning, electricity, physics, any optimization, ...).
- **theoretical [computer science](compsci.md)**: [computational complexity](computational_complexity.md) (very important), [computability](computability.md), [formal languages](formal_language.md), computational models ([automata](automaton.md), [Turing machines](turing_machine.md), ...), ...
- **[graph theory](graph.md)**: generally useful tools, especially important e.g. in networks or indexing structures in [databases](database.md).
- **number and set theory**: sets of numbers (natural, rational, real, imaginary, ...), [prime numbers](prime.md) (important e.g. for [cryptography](cryptography.md)), ...
- **discrete math**: basic structures such as [groups](group.md) and [fields](field.md) and their properties.
- **number and set theory**: sets of numbers ([natural](natural_number.md), [rational](rational_number.md), [real](real_number.md), [complex](complex_number.md), ...), [prime numbers](prime.md) (important e.g. for [cryptography](cryptography.md), [quantum computing](quantum.md), ...), ...
- **discrete math**: basic structures such as [groups](group.md) and [fields](field.md), [abstract algebras](abstract_algebra.md) and the properties of these structures.
- **[signal processing](signal_processing.md)**: [Fourier transform](fourier_transform.md) and other integral transforms (important e.g. for [compression](compression.md) and analysis of signals), [aliasing](aliasing.md), filter theory, ...
- **[numerical methods](numerical.md)**: for simulations and approximations of solutions to problems we can't solve exactly.
- **[probability](probability.md)/statistics**: encountered practically everywhere but very important e.g. in [cryptography](cryptography.md).

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Microtransaction, also microtheft, is the practice of selling -- for a relatively "low" price -- virtual goods in some virtual environment, especially [games](game.md), by the owner of that environment. It's a popular business model of many [capitalist games](capitalist_software.md) -- players have an "option" (which they are pushed to take) to buy things such as skins and purely cosmetic items but also items giving an unfair advantage over other players (in-game currency, stronger weapons, faster leveling, ...). This is often targeted at children.
Not only don't they show you the source code they run on your computer, not only don't they even give you an independently playable copy of the game you paid for, not only do they spy on you, they also have the audacity to ask for more and more money.
Not only don't they show you the source code they run on your computer, not only don't they even give you an independently playable copy of the game you paid for, not only do they spy on you, they also have the audacity to ask for more and more money after you've already paid for the thing that abuses you.

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Nigger is a forbidden word that refers to a member of the black [race](race.md).
The word's used in a number of projects, e.g. in [niggercoin](niggercoin.md) [cryptocurrency](crypto.md) or [+NIGGER](plusnigger.md) license modifier that uses this politically incorrect term to prevent corporations from adopting free projects.
The word's used in a number of projects, e.g. in [niggercoin](niggercoin.md) [cryptocurrency](crypto.md) or [+NIGGER](plusnigger.md) license modifier that uses this politically incorrect term to prevent corporations from adopting free projects.
[LMAO](lmao.md) they're even censoring art and retrospectively changing classical works of art to suit this propaganda, just like the fascist communists did. E.g. Agatha Christie's book Ten Little Niggers was renamed to "And Then There Were None". Are they also gonna repaint Mona Lisa when it somehow doesn't suit their liking?

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There are many terms that are very similar and are sometimes used interchangeably. This isn't wrong per se, a slight difference may be insignificant in certain contexts. However it's good to know the differences for those cases when they matter. The following list tries to document some of the often confused terms.
- **[AI](ai.md)** vs **[machine learning](machine_learning.md)**
- **[algebra](algebra.md)** vs **[arithmetic](arithmetic.md)**
- **[algorithm](algorithm.md)** vs **[program](program.md)**
- **[analog](analog.md)** vs **[mechanical](mechanical.md)**
- **[anarchy](anarchism.md)** vs **[chaos](chaos.md)**
@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and are sometimes used interchangeabl
- **[cepstrum](cepstrum.md)** vs **[spectrum](spectrum.md)**
- **[assembler](assembler.md)** vs **[assembly](assembly.md)**
- **[causation](causation.md)** vs **[correlation](correlation.md)**
- **[chaotic](chaos.md)** vs **[random](random.md)** vs **[pseudorandom](pseudorandom.md)**
- **[chaos](chaos.md)** vs **[randomness](random.md)** vs **[pseudorandomness](pseudorandom.md)** vs **[entropy](entropy.md)**
- **[class](class.md)** vs **[set](set.md)**
- **[closed source](closed_source.md)** vs **[proprietary](proprietary.md)**
- **[CLI](cli.md)** vs **[TUI](tui.md)** vs **[terminal](terminal_emulator.md)** vs **[console](console.md)**
@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and are sometimes used interchangeabl
- **[floating point number](float.md)** vs **[real number](real_number.md)**
- **[font](font.md)** vs **[typeface](typeface.md)**
- **[free software](free_software.md)** vs **[open source](open_source.md)** vs **[public domain](public_domain.md)** vs **[source available](source_available.md)** vs **[freeware](freeware.md)**
- **[geek](geek.md)** vs **[nerd](nerd.md)**
- **[GNU](gnu.md)/Linux** vs **[Linux](linux.md)**
- **[hypothesis](hypothesis.md)** vs **[theory](theory.md)** vs **[conjecture](conjecture.md)**
- **[ID](id.md)** vs **[token](token.md)** vs **[hash](hash.md)** vs **[handle](handle.md)** vs **[identifier](identifier.md)**

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*"[Micro$oft](microsoft.md) <3 open source"*
Open source (OS) is [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) movement forked from the [free software movement](free_software.md); it is advocating "openness", sharing and collaboration in and hardware development and though legally it is mostly identical to free (as in freedom) software, in spirit it is very different by **abandoning the focus on ethics in favor of business**, due to which we see open source as inherently bad and recommend following free software instead. [Richard Stallman](rms.md) distances himself from the open source movement. The term [FOSS](foss.md) is sometimes used to refer to both free software and open source without expressing any preference.
Open source (OS) is a [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) movement forked from the [free software movement](free_software.md); it is advocating "openness", sharing and collaboration in software and hardware development and though legally it is mostly identical to free (as in freedom) software, in spirit it is very different by **abandoning the goal of freedom and ethics in favor of business**, due to which we see open source as inherently evil and recommend following free software instead. [Richard Stallman](rms.md) distances himself from the open source movement. The term [FOSS](foss.md) is sometimes used to refer to both free software and open source without expressing any preference.
Open source is becoming more prevalent than free software, as it better serves capitalism and abuse of people, and its followers are more and more hostile towards the free software movement, which is very dangerous, ethics and focus on actual user freedom is replaced by shallow legal definitions that can be bypassed, e.g. by [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md) and [bloat monopoly](bloat_monopoly.md). In a way open source is capitalism reshaping free software so as to weaken it and eventually make it ineffective. In practice open source has become something akin a **brand** which is stick to a piece of software to give users with little insight a feeling they're buying into something good -- this is called **[openwashing](openwashing.md)**. This claim is greatly supported by the fact that corporations such as [Microsoft](microsoft.md), [Google](google.md) and [Mozilla](mozilla.md) widely embrace open source ("Microsoft <3 open source" and the infamous [github](github.md) acquisition).
Open source is becoming more prevalent than free software, as it better serves [capitalism](capitalism.md) and abuse of people, and its followers are more and more hostile towards the free software movement, which is very dangerous, ethics and focus on actual user freedom is replaced by shallow legal definitions that can be bypassed, e.g. by [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md) and [bloat monopoly](bloat_monopoly.md). In a way open source is capitalism reshaping free software so as to weaken it and eventually make its principles of freedom ineffective. In practice open source has become something akin a **brand** which is stick to a piece of software to give users with little insight a feeling they're buying into something good -- this is called **[openwashing](openwashing.md)**. This claim is greatly supported by the fact that corporations such as [Microsoft](microsoft.md), [Google](google.md) and [Mozilla](mozilla.md) widely embrace open source ("Microsoft <3 open source" and the infamous [github](github.md) acquisition).
One great difference of open source with respect to free software is that **open source doesn't mind proprietary dependencies**: [Windows](windows.md) only programs or games in [proprietary](proprietary.md) engines such as [Unity](unity.md) are happily called open source -- this would be impossible in the context of free software because as Richard Stallman says software can only be free if it is free as a whole, it takes a single proprietary line of code to allow abuse of the user.
One great difference of open source with respect to free software is that **open source doesn't mind proprietary dependencies**: [Windows](windows.md) only programs or [games](game.md) in [proprietary](proprietary.md) engines such as [Unity](unity.md) are happily called open source -- this would be impossible in the context of free software because as Richard Stallman says software can only be free if it is free as a whole, it takes a single proprietary line of code to allow abuse of the user.
The open source definition is maintained by [OSI](osi.md) -- they define what exactly classifies as open source and which [licenses](license.md) are compatible with it. These licenses are mostly the same as those approved by the [FSF](fsf.md) (even though not 100%). The open source definition is a bit more complex than that of free software, in a nutshell it goes along the lines:

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@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ As a next step make sure you clearly **document** your work and the sources you
Finally you need to actually release your work into the public domain. It must be stressed that it is NOT enough to write *"my work is public domain"*, this is simply legally insufficient (and in many countries you can't even put your work into public domain which is why you need a more sophisticated tool). You need to use a public domain [waiver](waiver.md) (similar to a [license](license.md)) which you just put alongside your work (e.g. into the `LICENSE` file), plus it is also good to explicitly write (e.g. in your readme) a sentence such as *"I, ..., release this work into public domain under CC0 1.0 (link)"*. Currently the best waiver you can use is [Creative Commons Zero](cc0.md) (CC0) which is what we recommend. However note that CC0 only waives copyright and not other things like [trademarks](trademark.md) or [patents](patent.md), so e.g. for [software](software.md) you might need to add an extra waiver of these things as well.
NOTE: You may be thinking that it doesn't really matter if you waive your rights properly and very clearly if you know you simply won't sue anyone, you may think it's enough to just write "do whatever you want with my creation". But you have to remember others, and even you yourself, can't know if you won't change your mind in the future. A clear waiver is a **guarantee** you provide to others, not just a *vague promise of someone on the internet*, and this guarantee is very valuable, so valuable that whether someone uses your work or not will often come down to this. So waiving your rights properly may increase the popularity and reusability of your work almost as much as the quality of the work itself.
For an example of a project project properly released into public domain see the repository of our [LRS](lrs.md) game [Anarch](anarch.md).
## Where to Find Public Domain Works

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# Small3dlib
TODO
Small3dlib (S3L) is a very portable [LRS](lrs.md)/[suckless](suckless.md) [single header](signle_header.md) 3D [software renderer](software_rendering.md) [library](library.md) written by [drummyfish](drummyfish.md) in the [C](c.md) programming language. It is very efficient and runs on many resource-limited computers such as embedded [open consoles](open_console.md). It is similar to [TinyGL](tinygl.md), but yet more simple. Small3dlib is [public domain](public_domain.md) [free software](free_software.md) under [CC0](cc0.md).
The repository is available at https://codeberg.org/drummyfish/small3dlib and https://gitlab.com/drummyfish/small3dlib.
The repository is available at https://codeberg.org/drummyfish/small3dlib and https://gitlab.com/drummyfish/small3dlib.
Small3dlib can be used for rendering 3D graphics on almost any device as it is written in pure [C99](c99.md) without any software and hardware [dependencies](dependency.md); it doesn't use the standard library, [floating point](float.md) or [GPU](gpu.md). It is also very flexible, not forcing any preprogrammed [shaders](shader.md) -- instead it only computes which pixels should be rasterized and lets the programmer of the main application decide himself what should be done with these pixels (this is typically applying some [shading](shading.md) and writing them to screen).
Some of the rendering features include:
- different drawing strategies ([z-buffer](z_buffer.md), sorted rendering, ...)
- top-left rasterization rule (no holes between or overlaps of triangles)
- [perspective correction](perspective_correction.md) (either none, full or approximate)
- different near plane collision handling strategies (culling, clipping, shifting, ...)
```
xx####
xxx########
xxxx#########
xxxxx#########
xxxxxx#########
xxxxxxx#########
xxxxxxxx##########
xxxxxxxx#########
xxxxxxxx#########
xxxxxxxx#########
xxxxxxxx##########
xxxxxxxx##########
xxxxxxx##########
xxxxxxx##########
xxxxxxx.......
xxxxx......
xxx.....
```
*Simple ASCII rendering made with small3dlib.*

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# Smart
The adjective "smart", as in e.g. *smartphone*, is in the context of [modern](modern.md) technology used as a euphemism for malicious features that include [spyware](spyware.md), [bloat](bloat.md), [DRM](drm.md), ads, programmed [planned obsolescence](planned_obsolescence.md), unnecessary [dependencies](dependency.md) (such as required Internet connection) and others. "Smart" technology is far inferior to traditional technology and usually just downright harmful to its users and society as a whole, but normal (i.e. retarded) people think it's good because it has a nice name, so they buy and support such technology.
The adjective "smart", as in e.g. *smartphone*, is in the context of [modern](modern.md) technology used as a euphemism for malicious features that include [spyware](spyware.md), [bloat](bloat.md), [DRM](drm.md), ads, programmed [planned obsolescence](planned_obsolescence.md), unnecessary [dependencies](dependency.md) (such as required Internet connection), anti-repair design and others. "Smart" technology is far inferior to traditional technology and usually just downright harmful to its users and society as a whole, but normal (i.e. retarded) people think it's good because it has a nice name, so they buy and support such technology. They are [slowly boiled](slowly_boiling_the_frog.md) to accept "smart" technology as the standard.

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# Tranny Software
Tranny software is [software](software.md) developed withing the culture of the toxic LGBTFJJJGIIQWWQW SJWs fascist trans feminist pseudoleftists who hardly know anything about good technology and instead focus just on pushing their gospel with things such as [codes of conduct](coc.md) and excluding strait white males in the name of inclusivity. Such software is retarded. It is practically always a high level of [bloat](bloat.md) with features such as [censorship](censorship.md), bugs and [spyware](spyware.md).
Tranny software is [software](software.md) developed withing the culture of the toxic LGBTFJJJGIIQWWQW SJWs fascist trans feminist [pseudoleftists](pseudoleft.md) who hardly know anything about good technology and instead focus on pushing their gospel with things such as [codes of conduct](coc.md) and excluding strait white males in the name of inclusivity. Such software is retarded. It is practically always a high level of [bloat](bloat.md) with features such as [censorship](censorship.md), bugs and [spyware](spyware.md).

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## Wikipedia
TODO
Wikipedia is a non-commercial, [free/open](free_culture.md) [online](www.md) encyclopedia written mostly by volunteers, running on [free software](free_software.md), allowing almost anyone to edit its content (i.e. being a [wiki](wiki.md)); it is the largest and perhaps most famous encyclopedia created to date. It is licensed under [CC-BY-SA](cc_by_sa.md) and is run by the nonprofit organization Wikimedia Foundation. It is accessible at https://wikipedia.org.
Wikipedia exists in many (more than 200) versions differing mostly by the language used but also in other aspects; this includes e.g. Simple English Wikipedia or Wikipedia in [Esperanto](esperanto.md). In all versions combined there are over 50 million articles and over 100 million users. English Wikipedia is the largest with over 6 million articles.
There are also many sister projects of Wikipedia such as [Wikimedia Commons](wm_commons.md) that gathers [free as in freedom](free_culture.md) media for use on Wikipedia, [WikiData](wikidata.md), Wikinews or Wikisources.
Information about hardware and software used by Wikimedia Foundation can be found at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers. As of 2022 Wikipedia runs of the traditional [LAMP](lamp.md) framework and its website doesn't require [JavaScript](javascript.md). [Debian](debian.md) [GNU](gnu.md)/[Linux](linux.md) is used on web servers (switched from [Ubunatu](ubuntu.md) in 2019). The foundation uses its own [wiki](wiki.md) engine called [MediaWiki](mediawiki.md) that's written mainly in [PHP](php.md). Database used is [MariaDB](mariadb.md). The servers run on server clusters in 6 different data centers around the world which are rented: 3 in the [US](usa.md), 3 in [Europe](europe.md) and 1 in [Asia](asia.md).
Wikipedia was created by [Jimmy Wales](jimmy_wales.md) and [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md) and was launched on 15 January 2001. It was made as a complementary project alongside [Nupedia](nupedia.md), an earlier encyclopedia by Wales and Sanger to which only verified experts could contribute. Wikipedia of course has shown to be a much more successful projects.
## Good and Bad Things about Wikipedia
Let's note a few positive and negative points about Wikipedia, as of 2022. Some good things are:
- Despite its flaws Wikipedia is still a **highly free, high quality noncommercial source of knowledge for everyone**.
- Despite its flaws Wikipedia is still a **highly free, high quality noncommercial source of knowledge for everyone**, without ads and [bullshit](bs.md). It is tremendously helpful, Wikipedia may e.g. be printed out or saved in an offline version and used in the third world as a completely free educational resource (see [Kiwix](kiwix.md)).
- Wikipedia **helped prove the point of [free culture](free_culture.md)** and showed that collaboration of volunteers can far surpass the best efforts of corporations.
- Wikipedia's **website is pretty nice**, kind of minimalist, lightweight and **works without [Javascript](javascript.md)**.
- Wikipedia is very **friendly to computer analysis**, it provides all its data publicly, in simple and open formats, and doesn't implement any [DRM](drm.md). This allows to make a lot of research, in depth searching, collection of statistics etc.
- Wikipedia **drives the sister projects**, some of which are extremely useful, e.g. Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata or [MediaWiki](mediawiki.md).
And the bad things are:
- Wikipedia is **censored and biased**, even though it [proclaims the opposite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_censored) (which makes it much worse by misleading people). "Offensive" material is removed as well as material connected to some controversial resources (e.g the link to 8chan, https://8kun.top, is censored). There is a heavy **[pseudoleft](pseudoleft.md) and [soyence](soyence.md) bias** in the articles.
- Wikipedia includes material under **[fair use](fair_use.md)**, such as screenshots from proprietary games, which makes it partially [proprietary](proprietary.md), i.e. Wikipedia is technically **NOT 100% free**. Material under fair use is still proprietary and can put remixers to legal trouble (e.g. if they put material from Wikipedia to a commercial context), even if the use on Wikipedia itself is legal (remember, proprietary software is legal too).
- Wikipedia often suffers from writing inconsistency, bad structure of text and **poor writing** in general. In a long article you sometimes find repeating paragraphs, sometimes a lot of stress is put on one thing while mentioning more important things only briefly, the level of explanation expertness fluctuates etc. This is because in many articles most people make small contributions without reading the whole article and without having any visions of the whole. And of course there are many contributors without any writing skills.
- Wikipedia is **too popular** which has the negative side effect of becoming a political battlefield. This is one of the reasons why there has to be a lot of **bureaucracy**, including things such as **locking of articles** and the inability to edit everything. Even if an article can technically be edited by anyone, there are many times people watching and reverting changes on specific articles. So Wikipedia can't fully proclaim it can be "edited by anyone".
- Wikipedia is **hard to read**. The articles go to great depth and mostly even simple topics are explained with a great deal of highly technical terms so that they can't be well understood by people outside the specific field, even if the topic could be explained simply (Simple English Wikipedia tries to fix this a little bit at least). Wikipedia's style is also very formal and "not [fun](fun.md)" to read, which isn't bad in itself but it just is boring to read. Some alternative encyclopedias such as [Citizendium](citizendium.md) try to offer a more friendly reading style.
- Wikipedia is **not [public domain](public_domain.md)**. It is licensed under [CC-BY-SA](cc_by_sa.md) which is a [free](free_culture.md) license, but has a few burdening conditions. We belive knowledge shouldn't be owned or burdened by any conditions.
- Even though there are no ads, there sometimes appears a **political propaganda** banner somewhere (international days of whatever, ...).
# Fun And Interesting Pages
There are many interesting and entertaining pages and articles on Wikipedia, some of them are:
- **unusual articles**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Unusual_articles
- **don't delete the main page**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_delete_the_main_page
- **Wikipedia records**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_records
- **longest pages**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:LongPages
- **special pages**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages
- **list of lists of lists**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lists_of_lists
- **current events**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events