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computer.md
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computer.md
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@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ We can divide computers based on many attributes, e.g.:
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- by continuous or discrete **representation of data**: [digital](digital.md) vs [analog](analog.md)
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- by **[hardware](hw.md) technology**: [electronic](electronics.md) ("lightning in sand"), [mechanical](mechanical.md), [quantum](quantum.md), biological etc.
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- by **purpose**: special purpose vs general purpose, [personal](pc.md), [server](server.md), [embedded](embedded.md), [supercomputers](supercomputer.md), gaming computer etc.
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- by **purpose**: special purpose vs general purpose, [personal](pc.md), [server](server.md), [embedded](embedded.md), [workstation](workstation.md), [supercomputers](supercomputer.md), [gaming](game.md) computer etc.
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- by **[programmability](programming.md)**: non-programmable, partially or fully programmable
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- by the theoretical **[model of computation](model_of_computation.md)** it is based on: [Turing machine](turing_machine.md), [lambda calculus](lambda_calculus.md) etc.
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- by **computational power**: how difficult problems the computer is able to solve, i.e. where in the [Chomsky hierarchy](chomsky_hierarchy.md) it stands (typically we want [Turing complete](turing_completeness.md) computers)
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@ -15,23 +15,23 @@ We can divide computers based on many attributes, e.g.:
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```
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______________
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| ________ | \_
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| |>.. | | \
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| | | | ]
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| |________| | _/
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___ |____________|_/'. ___
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/.\ \ \...../ '. /.\ \
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|;:;| | _____/_____\_____ :|;:;| |
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|;:;| |:| [][] ,,,___ | |.'|;:;| |
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|___|_| |______________|__|:.|___|_|
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__...--':
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.-''' .-''
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| |>.. | | : \ ||
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| | | | : ] |:==-'
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| |________| | :_/ ___||___
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___ |____________|_/'. ___ /########\
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/ \ \ \...../ '. / \ \ |""""""""|
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|;:;| | _____/_____\_____ :|;:;| | |O O O O |
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|;:;| |:|[o][o],,, === | |.'|;:;| | || | | | |
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|___|_| |______________|__|:.|___|_| || | | | |
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__...--': ||,|,|,|,|
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.-''' .-'' \########/
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___________;__ _:_
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/:::::::.::'::/| /-'-)
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/:::::::'.:.::// (___/
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"""""""""""""""
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```
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*Typical personal computer, with case, monitor, keyboard, mouse and speakers.*
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*On the left typical personal computer, with case, monitor, keyboard, mouse and speakers; on the right a pocket mechanical calculator of the Curta type.*
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Computers are theoretically studied by [computer science](compsci.md). The kind of computer we normally talk about consists of two main parts:
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@ -79,10 +79,11 @@ Here is a list of notable computers.
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| [VIC 20](vic_20.md) | 1980 | 32K RAM, 1MHz CPU 8bit, 20K ROM | successful TV-connected home computer by Commodore|
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| [IBM PC](ibm_pc.md) | 1981 | 256K RAM, CPU 4.7MHz 16bit, BASIC, DOS | 1st personal computer as we know it now, modular |
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| [Commodore 64](c64.md) | 1982 | 64K RAM, 20K ROM, CPU 1MHz 8bit | very popular TV-connected home computer |
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| [ZX Spectrum](zx_spectrum.md) | 1982 | 128K RAM, CPU 3.5MHz 8bit | successful UK TV-connected home comp. by Sinclair |
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| [ZX Spectrum](zx_spectrum.md) | 1982 | 128K RAM, CPU 3.5MHz 8bit, 256x192 screen | successful UK TV-connected home comp. by Sinclair |
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| [NES](nes.md)/Famicom | 1983 | 2K RAM, 2K VRAM, CPU 1.7MHz 8bit, PPU | TV-connected Nintendo game console |
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| [Macintosh](macintosh.md) | 1984 | 128K RAM, CPU 7MHz 32bit, floppy, 512x342 | very popular personal computer by Apple |
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| [Amiga](amiga.md) | 1985 | 256K RAM, 256K ROM, CPU 7MHz 16bit, AmigaOS | personal compuer by Commodore, ahead of its time |
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| [NeXT](next.md) | 1988 | 8M RAM, 256M drive, CPU 25MHz 32bit, NeXTSTEP OS | famous workstation, used e.g. for Doom dev. |
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| [SNES](snes.md) | 1990 | 128K RAM, 64K VRAM, CPU 21MHz 16bit | game console, NES successor |
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| [PlayStation](playstation.md) | 1994 | 2M RAM, 1M VRAM, CPU 33MHz 32bit, CD-ROM | popular TV-connected game console by Sony |
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| [TI](texas_instruments.md)-80 | 1995 | 7K RAM, CPU 980KHz, 48x64 1bit screen | famous programmable graphing calculator |
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@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ Here is a list of notable computers.
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| [GameBoy Advance](gba.md) | 2001 | ~256K RAM, 96K VRAM, CPU 16MHz 32bit ARM, 240x160 | successor to GBC |
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| [Xbox](xbox.md) | 2001 | 64M RAM, CPU 733MHz Pentium III | TV-connected game console by Micro$oft |
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| [Nintendo DS](nds.md) | 2004 | 4M RAM, 256K ROM, CPU ARM 67MHz, touchscreen | famous handheld game console by Nintendo |
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| [Nintendo Wii](wii.md) | 2006 | 24M RAM, 512M ROM, SD, CPU PPC 729M | famous family TV console with "stick" controllers |
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| [iPhone](iphone.md) (aka spyphone) | 2007 | 128M RAM, CPU ARM 620MHz, GPU, cam., Wifi, 480x320| 1st of the harmful Apple "smartphones" |
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| [ThinkPad](thinkpad.md) X200 | 2008 | 8G RAM, CPU 2.6GHz, Wifi | legendary laptop, great constr., freedom friendly |
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| [ThinkPad](thinkpad.md) T400 | 2008 | 8G RAM, CPU 2.8GHz, Wifi | legendary laptop, great constr., freedom friendly |
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@ -104,4 +106,4 @@ Here is a list of notable computers.
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|[PD computer](public_domain_computer.md) | | | planned LRS computer |
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|[Turing machine](turing_machine.md) | | | important theoretical computer by Alan Turing |
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TODO: mnt reform 2, pinephone, NeXT, 3DO, ti-89, quantum?, wii?
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TODO: mnt reform 2, pinephone, 3DO, ti-89, quantum?
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