Update

human_language.md

@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ This section lists some of the most notable human languages. In the brackets the
 
 - **Indo-European languages** (~3 B native speakers): Most common language family, originating in Eurasia.
   - **Germanic languages** (~500 M native speakers): Come from Scandinavia.
-    - **Afrikaans** (~7 M native speakers, *Wat is jou naam?*): Very similar to Dutch and English.
+    - **Afrikaans** (~7 M native speakers, *Wat is jou naam?*): Young language, very similar to Dutch and English.
     - **Danish** (*Hvad er dit navn?*): TODO
     - **Dutch** (Netherlands, [ena], *Wat is jouw naam?*): Similar to English but with added "grunting" pig sounds.
     - **[English](english.md)** (~400 M native speakers, [eta], *What's your name?*): Most spoken language in the world (considering also non-native speakers), very simple grammar, fixed word order, no letters with accents, pronounces "r" as if "having a hot potato in mouth", awkward spelling of words, can't say the Spanish "j", is the universal world language of modern age, a must know for everyone.
@@ -57,44 +57,44 @@ This section lists some of the most notable human languages. In the brackets the
       - ...
     - **German** (~100 M native speakers, [eni], *Wie heißt du?*): Hard and rough staccato rhythm sound, unpleasant, very long words, identifiable by characteristic rolling "r" and articles like "das", "der" etc.
     - **Swedish** (~10 M native speakers, [ean], *Vad heter du?*): Mutually intelligible with Norwegian and Danish.
+    - **Yiddish** (~4 M native speakers, *װי הײסטו, "Vi heystu?"*): Language spoken by [Jews](jew.md), developed in Jewish diaspora, an interesting "Frankenstein monster" mix of German, Hebrew and other languages, written right to left.
     - ...
   - **Romance languages** (~1 B native speakers): Evolved from Latin, not the hardest to learn.
-    - **French** ([esa], *Comment tu t'appelles?*): Very unique and distinctive [gay](gay.md) sound of French shows to what degree a serious language like Latin can degenerate, especially notable is the soft "r" and phrases like "ooo la la!", duckface when speaking, one the most easily recognizable languages.
-    - **Italian** (~60 M native speakers, [eai], *Come ti chiami?*): Pleasant and melodic, very similar to Latin, sounds like singing, lots of vowels, stresses many times on first syllable. Body language such as waving hands in the air is a big part of speaking Italian correctly, recognizable by iconic phrases such as "spaghetti al dente, mamma mia!".
-    - **Portuguese** (~250 M native speakers, [aeo], *Como te chamas?*): Basically Spanish with funny pronunciation, speakers of the two languages can understand each other to a high degree.
-    - **Romanian** ([eia], *Cum vă numiți?*): Sounds similar to Italian.
-    - **Spanish** (~500 M native speakers, [eao], *¿Cómo te llamas?*): Extremely fast, quite pleasant and similar to Italian, has normal and hard "r" (written *rr*), can't pronounce "h" (it's always silent), recognizable by patterns like "El XXXo", "Los XXXos" etc. Described by [Uncyclopedia](uncyclopedia.md) as "essentially Latin for retards", nonetheless spoken all over the world (it's the second most spoken native language) and therefore very useful to learn.
+    - **French** (~200 M native speakers, [esa], *Comment tu t'appelles?*): Very unique and distinctive [gay](gay.md) sound of French shows to what degree a serious language like Latin can degenerate, especially notable is the soft "r" and phrases like "ooo la la!", duckface when speaking, one the most easily recognizable languages. Loanwords: anecdote, desire, sacrifice, ...
+    - **Italian** (~60 M native speakers, [eai], *Come ti chiami?*): Pleasant and melodic, very similar to Latin, sounds like singing, lots of vowels, stresses many times on first syllable. Body language such as waving hands in the air is a big part of speaking Italian correctly, recognizable by iconic phrases such as "spaghetti al dente, mamma mia!". Loanwords: intermezzo, lava, piano, ...
+    - **Portuguese** (~250 M native speakers, [aeo], *Como te chamas?*): Basically Spanish with funny pronunciation, speakers of the two languages can understand each other to a high degree. Loanwords: flamingo, tank, jaguar, ...
+    - **Romanian** ([eia], *Cum vă numiți?*): Sounds similar to Italian, has a lot borrowed from Slavic languages.
+    - **Spanish** (~500 M native speakers, [eao], *¿Cómo te llamas?*): Extremely fast, quite pleasant and similar to Italian, has normal and hard "r" (written *rr*), can't pronounce "h" (it's always silent), recognizable by patterns like "El XXXo", "Los XXXos" etc. Described by [Uncyclopedia](uncyclopedia.md) as "essentially Latin for retards", nonetheless spoken all over the world (it's the second most spoken native language) and therefore very useful to learn. Among students feared mainly for grammatical mood called subjunctive. Loanword: macho, caldera, mosquito, ...
     - ...
   - **Slavic languages** (~300 M native speakers): Hard to learn, many grammatical cases and inflections, spoken in central/east Europe and north Asia.
     - **Bulgarian** (*как се казваш, "Kak se kazvash?"*): TODO
     - **Croatian** ([aio], *Kako se zoveš?*): Kinda similar to Czech/Slovak/Polish, seems to have a lot of "ch" (as in "chicken") sounds, has 7 cases.
-    - **[Czech](czechia.md)** ([oea], *Jak se jmenuješ?*): Very similar to Slovak but has a harder sound, stress is on first syllable, has 7 cases, contains the infamous "ř" which some consider the most unique and possibly most difficult sound to pronounce in any language -- by this it can be recognized.
+    - **[Czech](czechia.md)** (~10 M native speakers, [oea], *Jak se jmenuješ?*): Very similar to Slovak but with a harder sound, stress is on first syllable, has 7 cases and 3 genders, contains the infamous "ř" which some consider the most unique and possibly most difficult sound to pronounce in any language -- by this it can be recognized. Famous loanword coming from Czech is [robot](robot.md).
     - **Polish** ([iae], *Jak się nazywasz?*): Similar to Czech/Slovak, has many "sz", "sh", "ch" sounds, stress usually on penultimate syllable, has 7 cases.
-    - **Russian** (~150 M native speakers, [oea], *Как тебя зовут?, "Kak tebia zovut?"*): Written in Cyrillic, characteristic sounds like "blj", speaking with duckface and long end and middle parts of words, has 6 cases.
+    - **Russian** (~150 M native speakers, [oea], *Как тебя зовут?, "Kak tebia zovut?"*): Written in Cyrillic, characteristic sounds like "blj", speaking with duckface and long end and middle parts of words, has 6 cases. Loanwords: mammoth, tundra, babushka, ...
     - **Slovak** ([aoe], *Ako sa voláš?*): Super similar to Czech (mutually intelligible), sounds much softer and more pleasant, especially e.g. the letter "l", also compared to Czech doesn't have [bullshit](bullshit.md) like "ř" and vocative case, has 6 cases total.
-    - **Ukrainian** ([oan], *Як тебе звати?, "Jak tebe zvati?"*): Different from Russian but sounds the same, has 7 cases.
+    - **Ukrainian** (~20 M native speakers, [oan], *Як тебе звати?, "Jak tebe zvati?"*): Different from Russian but sounds the same, has 7 cases.
     - ...
   - ...
 - **Other languages**:
-  - **Arabic** (~400 M native speakers, *ما اسمك؟, "Ma ismuka?"*): Sounds fast, weird script written right to left, difficult to learn.
-  - **[Chinese](chinese.md)** (~1 B native speakers, *你贵姓大名?, "Ni quixing daming?"*): Considered the hardest language ever, has many variants and dialects that are even mutually unintelligible (and as such is actually sometimes rather considered a language family), most notably Cantonese and Mandarin, has most native speakers of all languages, has many soft sounds like "shii", "shoo", "chii", plus those "ching chong" sounds along with weird intonation (the language is tonal, meaning pitch changes meaning of words), writing system is a disaster (one character per word).
+  - **Arabic** (~400 M native speakers, *ما اسمك؟, "Ma ismuka?"*): Sounds fast, weird script written right to left, difficult to learn, liturgical language of [Islam](islam.md). Loanwords: algebra, coffee, alcohol, ...
+  - **[Chinese](chinese.md)** (~1 B native speakers, *你贵姓大名?, "Ni quixing daming?"*): Considered the hardest language ever, has many variants and dialects that are even mutually unintelligible (and as such is actually sometimes rather considered a language family), most notably Cantonese and Mandarin, has most native speakers of all languages, has many soft sounds like "shii", "shoo", "chii", plus those "ching chong" sounds along with weird intonation (the language is tonal, meaning pitch changes meaning of words), writing system is a disaster (one character per word), has no grammatical tenses. Loanwords: tea, [zen](zen.md), [soy](soy.md), ...
   - **[Esperanto](esperanto.md)** ([aie], *Kio estas via nomo?*): Most famous [constructed language](conlang.md), even has a few native speakers, sounds similar to Italian, in general resembled Romance languages, is very easy to learn thanks to completely regular grammar and vocabulary borrowed from many existing languages.
   - **Finnish** ([ena], *Mikä sinun nimesi on?*): Has 14 cases and inflections, so word order is not fixed, stress often on first syllable.
-  - **Greek** ([aoi], *Πώς σε λένε?, "Pos se lene?"*): Famously using the weird Greek alphabet, its old version is very historically significant.
+  - **Greek** ([aoi], *Πώς σε λένε?, "Pos se lene?"*): Famously using the weird Greek alphabet, its old version is very historically significant. Loanwords: [democracy](democracy.md), [utopia](utopia.md), chronology, ...
   - **Hebrew** (*מַה שִּׁמְךָ?, "Ma shimkha?"*): TODO
-  - **Hindi** (~350 M native speakers, *तुम्हारा नाम क्या हे, "Tumhaara naam kya he?"*): Sounds quite fast, has that very specific "clicky" pronunciation of certain sounds like "t", "r" and "d", weird script, women talk in high pitch squeaking.
-  - **Hungarian**:  Super gibberish, many "sh" sounds.
+  - **Hindi** (~350 M native speakers, *तुम्हारा नाम क्या हे, "Tumhaara naam kya he?"*): Language of India, sounds quite fast, has that very specific "clicky" pronunciation of certain sounds like "t", "r" and "d", weird script, women talk in high pitch squeaking.
+  - **Hungarian**:  Super gibberish, many "sh" sounds, has 18 cases.
   - **Interslavic** (*Kako je tvoje ime?*): [Constructed language](conlang.md) to be understandable by speakers of any Slavic language. { As a Czech native speaker I can understand it very well without ever having studied it, especially in written form, it sounds like Polish or Croatian that I can actually understand. ~drummyfish }
-  - **Japanese** (~100 M native speakers, [rnu], *お名前はなんですか?, "Onamae wa nan desu ka"*): Very characteristic sound, recognizable by keywords like "desu" and "ka", can't pronounce "l", everything ends with "u", women talk like squeaky toys, brutally difficult writing system (one character per word, but unlike Chinese at least includes scripts for writing words by sillables), has many different "politeness" levels of speech, famously "doesn't have swearwords" (which apparently isn't completely true, they just "insult each other differently").
+  - **Japanese** (~100 M native speakers, [rnu], *お名前はなんですか?, "Onamae wa nan desu ka"*): Very characteristic sound, recognizable by keywords like "desu" and "ka", can't pronounce "l", everything ends with "u", women talk like squeaky toys, brutally difficult writing system (one character per word, but unlike Chinese at least includes scripts for writing words by sillables), has many different "politeness" levels of speech and only two grammatical tenses (present and past), famously "doesn't have swearwords" (which apparently isn't completely true, they just "insult each other differently"). [Interestingly](interesting.md) the origin of the language is still shrouded in mystery. Loanwords: [anime](anime.md), bonsai, judo, ...
   - **Klingon** (*nuq 'oH ponglIj'e'?*): Fictional constructed language from Star Trek, in real life spoken mainly by [boomer](boomer.md) [nerds](nerd.md). Learning the language will make you [never get laid](wizard.md).
-  - **Korean** (~80 M native speakers, *이름이 뭐에요?, "Ileum i mwo eyo?"*): Sounds like Japanese but isn't Japanese (can be recognized by lack of "Japanese keywords"), simple writing system, starts to incorporate many English words.
-  - **[Latin](latin.md)** ([eit], *Quid est nomen tibi?*): Officially not spoken anymore but many enthusiasts learn it, [historically](history.md) significant, similar to Italian, everything is written WITH CAPSLOCK, doesn't have the letter "U" (uses "V" instead), characteristic word endings such as "us", "um".
-  - **[Newspeak](newspeak.md)** (*Question [moderated](censored.md) for [privacy](privacy.md) concerns.*): Language from a famous dystopian sci-fi book *[1984](1984.md)*, a version of English formed to serve brainwashing and thought control. At the time of writing the book the language was fictional, [nowadays](21st_century.md) it's already being implemented.
-  - **Sanskrit** (*तव नाम किम्, "Tavva nama kim?"*): Old language, nowadays spoken only by few, sacred most notably to Hinduism, important to Asia where it's something akin to what Latin and old Greek is to Europe.
+  - **Korean** (~80 M native speakers, *이름이 뭐에요?, "Ileum i mwo eyo?"*): Sounds like Japanese but isn't Japanese (can be recognized by lack of "Japanese keywords"), simple writing system, starts to incorporate many English words. Loanwords: kimchi, taekwondo, ondol, ...
+  - **[Latin](latin.md)** ([eit], *Quid est nomen tibi?*): Officially not spoken anymore but many enthusiasts learn it, [historically](history.md) significant, similar to Italian, everything is written WITH CAPSLOCK, doesn't have the letter "U" (uses "V" instead), characteristic word endings such as "us", "um". Loanwords: mundane, altruism, cull, ...
+  - **[Newspeak](newspeak.md)** (*Question [moderated](censored.md) for [privacy](privacy.md) concerns.*): Language from a famous dystopian sci-fi book *[1984](1984.md)*, a version of English formed to serve brainwashing and thought control. At the time of writing the book the language was fictional, [nowadays](21st_century.md) it's already being implemented. Loanwords: xer, blocklist, neurodivergent, ...
+  - **Sanskrit** (*तव नाम किम्, "Tavva nama kim?"*): Old language, nowadays spoken only by few, sacred most notably to Hinduism, important to Asia where it's something akin to what Latin and old Greek is to Europe. Loanwords: yoga, avatar, nirvana, ...
   - **[Toki Pona](toki_pona.md)** (*nimi sina li seme?*): New constructed language claiming to be highly [minimalist](minimalism.md), however also looks kind of [SJW](sjw.md).
-  - **Turkish** ([aei], *İsmin ne?*): TODO
-  - **Vietnamese** (~100 M native speakers, *Bạn tên gì?*): Typical Asian "meowing" sound, tonal (pitches distinguish meanings of words).
-  - **Yiddish** (*װי הײסטו, "Vi heystu?"*): Language spoken by [Jews](jew.md), developed in Jewish diaspora, an interesting "Frankenstein monster" mix of German, Hebrew and other languages.
+  - **Turkish** (~80 M native speakers, [aei], *İsmin ne?*): Stress on last syllable, written in weird kind of Latin script.
+  - **Vietnamese** (~100 M native speakers, *Bạn tên gì?*): Typical Asian "meowing" sound, but despite this it's interestingly written in Latin script. It's a tonal language (pitches distinguish meanings of words).
   - ...
   
 **Language curiosities**: Harold Whitmore Williams (*1876) allegedly spoke 58 languages and is sometimes considered the most accomplished polyglot. The most common sound found in all languages is "a", the most unique probably the Czech "ř". Language with smallest alphabet is probably Rotokas, spoken in Papua New Guinea, with only 12 letters. English word with the most meanings is apparently "set" (almost 200). Longest non-technical word in English is "antidisestablishmentarianism", but if we impose no limits, there is a name of a chemical that's 189819 letters long. TODO: more