- 11 to 100: Very small, can be debugged to a great level, many greatly useful utilities, e.g. [compression](compression.md) programs, may fit this class.
- 101 to 1000: Quite small "bigger" kinds of programs, often very minimalist implementations of programs that are usually not minimalist in nature like window managers, interactive text editors, web browsers and so on.
- 101 to 1000: Small "bigger" kinds of programs, often very minimalist implementations of programs that are usually not minimalist in nature like window managers, interactive text editors, web browsers and so on. Simplified version of [comun](comun.md) language, called *minicomun*, fits here.
- 1001 to 5000: Still considered small, a bit more "feature rich" kind of previous class, you may find minimalist 3D games here, quite powerful programming languages, libraries handling complex file formats (that weren't designed to be minimalist) etc. Currently a lot of [LRS](lrs.md) programs like [SAF](saf.md), [small3dlib](small3dlib.md) and [comun](comun.md) would fall here.
- 5001 to 10000: Often imposed upper limit on suckless programs, these programs aren't the smallest possible but may still be called minimalist, they are easily manageable by a single man without much hassle, anyone can modify them and there is a comfortable margin for implementing many "comfort" and fancy features that aren't complete [BS](bullshit.md). [Anarch](anarch.md) might be given as an example (if we subtract lines of code taken by game data and count only pure engine code).
- 10001 to 100000: Here things start to be called real bloat but may still be accepted as a compromise, not an "insanely bloated" program, we have to judge on a case by case basis as the transition towards bloat is gradual, but generally projects here must focus on not growing bigger, priority should be on minimizing. We have to consider anything here bloat unless proven otherwise. Minimalist projects end up here when trying to combine minimalism with some mainstream concept, e.g. implementing a complete operating system with all the standard features, trying to reimplement some mainstream, non-minimalist program etc. Example is [tcc](tcc.md), the C compiler that has a little over 20000 LOC. Also many "good old" mainstream programs like [Doom](doom.md) fall here.
The word *computer* can be defined in many ways and can also take many different meanings; a somewhat common definition may be this: computer is a machine that automatically performs mathematical computations. We can also see it as a machine for processing [information](information.md), manipulating symbols or, very generally, as any tool that helps computation, in which case one's fingers or even a [mathematical](math.md) formula itself can be considered a computer. Here we are of course mostly concerned with electronic [digital](digital.md) computers.
Electronic digital computer turned out to be one of the greatest [technological](tech.md) inventions in [history](history.md) for many reasons -- firstly computers allowed creation of many other things which previously required too complex calculations, such as highly complex planes, space rockets and undreamed of factories (and, of course, yet more powerful computers which is why we've seen the exponential growth in computer power), secondly they offered extremely advanced work tools like [robots](robotics.md), virtual 3D visualizations, [artificial intelligence](ai.md) and physics simulators, and they also gave us high quality, cheap [multimedia](multimedia.md) and entertainment like [games](game.md) -- with computers anyone can shoot video, record music, carry around hundreds of movies in his pocket or fly a virtual plane. Most important however is probably the fact that computers enabled the [Internet](internet.md) -- by this they forever changed the world.
We can divide computers based on many attributes, e.g.:
- by continuous or discrete **representation of data**: [digital](digital.md) vs [analog](analog.md)
{ My email is currently: drummyfish AT disroot DOT org. ~drummyfish }
Drummyfish (also known as *tastyfish*, *drummy*, *drumy*, *smellyfish* and *i forcefeed my diarrhea to capitalism*) is a programmer, [anarchopacifist](anpac.md) and proponent of [free software/culture](free_software.md), who started [this wiki](lrs_wiki.md) and invented the kind of software it focuses on: [less retarded software](lrs.md) (LRS). Besides others he has written [Anarch](anarch.md), [small3dlib](small3dlib.md), [raycastlib](raycastlib.md), [smallchesslib](smallchesslib.md), [tinyphysicsengine](tinyphysicsengine.md), [SAF](saf.md) and [comun](comun.md). He has also been creating free culture art and otherwise contributing to free projects such as [OpenMW](openm.md); he's been contributing with [public domain](pd.md) art of all kind (2D, 3D, music, ...) and writings to [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) (no longer cause ban), [Wikimedia Commons](wm_commons.md) (also banned now), [opengameart](oga.md), [libregamewiki](lgw.md), freesound and others. Drummyfish is insane/neuroretarded, suffering from anxiety/[depression](depression.md)/etcetc. (diagnosed [avoidant personality disorder](avpd.md)) and has more than once been called a [schizo](schizo.md), though psychiatrists didn't officially diagnose him with schizophrenia (yet). He sometimes [self harms](self_harm.md), both physically and socially. Due to spreading uncensored truth, helping and loving others and revealing corruption he is banned and censored on many places on the Internet, including [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md), Wikimedia Commons, [4chan](4chan.md), [GitLab](gitlab.md), many [subreddits](reddit.md), some [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [Openarena](openarena.md) servers etc. He also has no [real life](irl.md) and is pretty retarded when it comes to leading projects or otherwise dealing with people or practical life. He is a [wizard](wizard.md).
Drummyfish (also known as *tastyfish*, *drummy*, *drumy*, *smellyfish* and *i forcefeed my diarrhea to capitalism*) is a [programmer](programming.md), [anarchopacifist](anpac.md) and proponent of [free software/culture](free_software.md), who started [this wiki](lrs_wiki.md) and invented the kind of software it focuses on: [less retarded software](lrs.md) (LRS). Besides others he has written [Anarch](anarch.md), [small3dlib](small3dlib.md), [raycastlib](raycastlib.md), [smallchesslib](smallchesslib.md), [tinyphysicsengine](tinyphysicsengine.md), [SAF](saf.md) and [comun](comun.md). He has also been creating free culture art and otherwise contributing to free projects such as [OpenMW](openm.md); he's been contributing with [public domain](pd.md) art of all kind (2D, 3D, music, ...) and writings to [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) (no longer cause ban), [Wikimedia Commons](wm_commons.md) (also banned now), [opengameart](oga.md), [libregamewiki](lgw.md), freesound and others. Drummyfish is insane/neuroretarded, suffering from anxiety/[depression](depression.md)/etcetc. (diagnosed [avoidant personality disorder](avpd.md)) and has more than once been called a [schizo](schizo.md), though psychiatrists didn't officially diagnose him with schizophrenia (yet). He sometimes [self harms](self_harm.md), both physically and socially. Due to spreading uncensored truth, helping and loving others and revealing corruption he is banned and censored on many places on the Internet, including [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md), Wikimedia Commons, [4chan](4chan.md), [GitLab](gitlab.md), many [subreddits](reddit.md), some [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [Openarena](openarena.md) servers etc. He also has no [real life](irl.md) and is pretty retarded when it comes to leading projects or otherwise dealing with people or practical life. He is a [wizard](wizard.md).
**Drummyfish is the most physically disgusting bastard on [Earth](earth.md)**, no woman ever loved him, he is so ugly people get suicidal thoughts from seeing any part of him.
**Drummyfish is the most physically disgusting bastard on [Earth](earth.md)**, no [woman](woman.md) ever loved him, he is so ugly people get suicidal thoughts from seeing any part of him.
He loves all living beings, even those whose attributes he hates or who hate him. He is a [vegetarian](vegetarianism.md) and here and there supports good causes, for example he donates hair and gives money to homeless people who ask for them. He also tried to donate blood but couldn't because he's taking antidepressants.
He loves all living beings, even those whose attributes he hates or who hate him. He is a [vegetarian](vegetarianism.md) (since about 2018) and here and there supports good causes, for example he donates hair and gives money to homeless people who ask for them. He also tried to donate blood but couldn't because he's taking antidepressants.
Drummyfish has a personal website at [www.tastyfish.cz](https://www.tastyfish.cz), and a gopherhole at [self.tastyfish.cz](gopher://self.tastyfish.cz).
Drummyfish has a personal website at [www.tastyfish.cz](https://www.tastyfish.cz), and a gopherhole at [self.tastyfish.cz](gopher://self.tastyfish.cz). He uses [vim](vim.md), doesn't have any favorite distro and will NEVER HAVE ONE (in fact he hates [Linux](linux.md) and would use another kernel if it was possible).
Photos of drummyfish: [young](https://cloud.disroot.org/apps/files_sharing/publicpreview/4E36WS5ZN42pasg?file=/me/156%20-%20sQNYr3g.png&fileId=122364667&x=1280&y=800&a=true), [older](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Drummyfish_profile_photo.png) (after being confronted with real life) and [naked](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Drummyfish_naked_all_sides_beard.png).
Drummyfish's real name is Miloslav Číž, he was born on 24.08.1990 and lives in Moravia, Czech Republic, [Earth](earth.md) (he rejects the concept of a country/[nationalism](nationalism.md), the info here serves purely to specify a location). He is a more or less straight [male](man.md) of the [white](white.md) [race](race.md). He started programming at high school in [Pascal](pascal.md), then he went on to study [compsci](compsci.md) (later focused on [computer graphics](graphics.md)) in a Brno University of Technology and got a [master's degree](msc.md), however he subsequently refused to find a job in the industry, partly because of his views (manifested by [LRS](lrs.md)) and partly because of mental health issues (depressions/anxiety/avoidant personality disorder). He rather chose to stay closer to the working class and do less harmful [slavery](job.md) such as cleaning and physical [spam](spam.md) distribution, and continues [hacking](hacking.md) on his programming (and other) projects in his spare time in order to be able to do it with absolute freedom.
In 2019 drummyfish has written a "manifesto" of his ideas called **Non-Competitive Society** that describes the political ideas of an ideal society. It is in the [public domain](public_domain.md) under [CC0](cc0.md) and available for download online.
Drummyfish's real name is Miloslav Číž, he was born on 24.08.1990 and lives in Moravia, Czech Republic, [Earth](earth.md) (he rejects the concept of a country/[nationalism](nationalism.md), the info here serves purely to specify a location). He is a more or less straight [male](man.md) of the [white](white.md) [race](race.md). He started programming at high school in [Pascal](pascal.md), then he went on to study [compsci](compsci.md) (later focused on [computer graphics](graphics.md)) in a Brno University of Technology and got a [master's degree](msc.md) in 2017, however he subsequently refused to find a job in the industry, partly because of his views (manifested by [LRS](lrs.md)) and partly because of mental health issues. He rather chose to stay closer to the working class and do less harmful [slavery](job.md) such as cleaning and physical [spam](spam.md) distribution, and continues [hacking](hacking.md) on his programming (and other) projects in his spare time in order to be able to do it with absolute freedom.
{ Why doxx myself? Following the [LRS](lrs.md) philosophy, I believe information should be free. [Censorship](censorship.md) -- even in the name of [privacy](privacy.md) -- goes against information freedom. We should live in a society in which people are moral and don't abuse others by any means, including via availability of their private information. And in order to achieve ideal society we have to actually live it, i.e. slowly start to behave as if it was already in place. Of course, I can't tell you literally everything (such as my passwords etc.), but the more I can tell you, the closer we are to the ideal society. ~drummyfish }
He likes many things such as animals, peace, [freedom](freedom.md), [programming](programming.md), [math](math.md) and [games](game.md) (used to play [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [OpenArena](openarena.md), even though he despises [competitive](competition.md) behavior in real life). He plays piano and drums a little bit and tries to pick up new things like [chess](chess.md) or language learning. He has [no sense of smell](anosmia.md) (since birth).
He likes many things such as animals, peace, [freedom](freedom.md), [programming](programming.md), [math](math.md) and [games](game.md) (used to play [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [OpenArena](openarena.md), even though he despises [competitive](competition.md) behavior [in real life](irl.md)). He plays piano and drums a little bit and tries to pick up new things like [chess](chess.md), [go](go.md) and language learning. He has [no sense of smell](anosmia.md) (since birth).
Before becoming a kind of schizo, he used to be relatively normal, even had a girlfriend for a while -- for a long time he was a [proprietary](proprietary.md) [Windows](windows.md) normie, using [Facebook](facebook.md) and playing mainstream games like Trackmania and [World of Warcraft](wow.md) (since vanilla, quit during WotLK, played tauren warrior named *Drummy*). In the university he started using GNU/Linux because it was convenient for the school work, but still mostly used Windows. Only near the end of his studies he became more interested in [FOSS](foss.md), after reading [Richard Stallman](rms.md)'s biography. At the beginning he promoted "[open source](open_source.md)" and used [soynet](soynet.md) platforms such as [Fediverse](fediverse.md), later on he found the [suckless](suckless.md) website and was enlightened by [minimalism](minimalism.md); he also started to see through the evils of [open $ource](open_source.md), [capitalism](capitalism.md) and other things and refused to conform, which led him to the path of becoming the aforementioned schizo.
In 2019 drummyfish has written a "manifesto" of his ideas called **Non-Competitive Society** that describes the political ideas of an ideal society. It is in the [public domain](public_domain.md) under [CC0](cc0.md) and available for download online. Around 2020 he spent a few months in mental hospital. Some time around 2023 he bought a tiny caravan inawoods and plans to live there, away from society.
**Does drummyfish have [divine intellect](terry_davis.md)?** Hell no, but thanks to his extreme tendency for isolation, great curiosity and obsession with truth he is possibly the only man on Earth completely immune to propaganda, he can see the world as it is, not as it is presented, so he feels it is his moral duty to share what he is seeing. He is able to overcome his natural dumbness by tryharding and sacrificing his social and sexual life so that he can program more. If drummyfish can learn to program [LRS](lrs.md), so can you.
**Does drummyfish have [divine intellect](terry_davis.md)?** Hell no, he's pretty retarded at most things, but thanks to his extreme tendency for isolation, great curiosity and obsession with [truth](truth.md) he is possibly the only man on Earth completely immune to propaganda, he can see the world as it is, not as it is presented, so he feels it is his moral duty to share what he is seeing. He is able to overcome his natural dumbness by tryharding and sacrificing his social and sexual life so that he can program more. If drummyfish can learn to program [LRS](lrs.md), so can you.
English is a natural [human language](human_language.md) spoken mainly in the [USA](usa.md), UK and Australia as well as in dozens of other countries and in all parts of the world (with about 1.5 billion speakers). It is the default language of the world nowadays. Except for the awkward relationship between written English and its pronunciation it is a pretty simple and [suckless](suckless.md) language (even though not as suckless as [Esperanto](esperanto.md)), even a braindead man can learn it { Knowing Czech and learning Spanish, which is considered one of the easier languages, I can say English is orders of magnitude simpler. ~drummyfish }. It is the lingua franca of the tech world (virtually every [programming language](programming_language.md) is based on English for example) and many other worldwide communities as well as the [Internet](internet.md). Thanks to its simplicity (lack of declension, fixed word order, relatively simple grammatical rules etc.) it is pretty suitable for computer analysis and as a basis for [programming languages](programming_language.md).
{ I'm a bit ashamed but I'm not really "fluent" at Forth, I just played around with it for a bit. Yes, I'm planning to get into it more after I do the other million things on my TODO list. Let me know if there is some BS, thank u <3~drummyfish}
Forth ("fourth generation" shortened to four characters due to technical limitations) is a very good, extremely [minimal](minimalism.md) [stack](stack.md)-based untyped [programming language](programming_language.md) that uses [postfix](notation.md) (reverse Polish) notation. Its vanilla form is super simple, it's miles simpler than [C](c.md), it's very [elegant](elegant.md) and its compiler/interpreter can be made very easily, giving it high practical freedom (i.e. not being practically controlled by any central organization). As of writing this the smallest Forth implementation, [milliforth](milliforth.md), has just **340 bytes** (!!!) of machine code, that's just incredible. Forth is used e.g. in [space](space.md) technology (e.g. [RTX2010](rtx2010.md), a radiation hardened space computer directly executing Forth) and [embedded](embedded.md) systems as a way to write efficient [low level](low_level.md) programs that are, unlike those written in [assembly](assembly.md), [portable](portability.md) (fun fact: there even exist computers directly running Forth in hardware). Forth was the main influence for [Comun](comun.md), the [LRS](lrs.md) programming language, it is also used by [Collapse OS](collapseos.md) and [Dusk OS](duskos.md) as the main language. In its minimalism Forth competes a bit with [Lisp](lisp.md).
{ It's kinda like usable [brainfuck](brainfuck.md). Also there used to be a nice Forth wiki at wiki.forthfreak.net, now it has to be accessed via archive as it's dead. ~drummyfish }
{ There used to be a nice Forth wiki at wiki.forthfreak.net, now it has to be accessed via archive as it's dead. ~drummyfish }
{ There is also some discussion about how low level Forth really is, if it really is a language or something like a "metalanguage", or an "environment" to create your own language by defining your own words. Now this is not a place to go very deep on this but kind of a sum up may be this: Forth in its base version is very low level, however it's very extensible and many extend it to some kind of much higher level language, hence the debates. ~drummyfish }
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ In 1983 there were more than 500 registered hosts and in 1984 the number surpass
In 1990 ARPANET project was officially ended to let the network, now mostly known as the Internet, live and be developed further mostly by the private sector. In this year [EFF](eff.md) (Electronic Frontier Foundation), a major international non-profit that would help overlooking the Internet, was also founded. Due to the exploding popularity the Internet started to run out of IP addresses in early 1990s which was temporarily fixed by so called [CIDR](cidr.md) with long term plans to transition to bigger [IPv6](ipv6.md) addresses.
Probably the biggest milestone in Internet history was the emergence of the **[World Wide Web](www.md)** -- also www or just "the web" -- in 1989 by [Tim Berners-Lee](berners_lee.md) who was at the time working at [CERN](cern.md) in [Europe](europe.md) (i.e. if we see the [US](usa.md) as the inventor of the Internet, the Europe is who made it widespread and famous). The Web was based on the idea of documents (webpages) written in a special language ([HTML](html.md)), all interconnected via clickable links (so called [hypertext](hypertext.md)) viewed with a program called [web browser](web_browser.md). Web's popularity was also helped by the fact that the programs made by Berners-Lee were released to the [public domain](public_domain.md) so that anyone could jump on the web for free, even use it commercially without any fees and so on. And of course, a prerequisite for wide popularity was the presence of the cheap [personal computer](pc.md). Shortly after its invention web competed with other similar services based on similar ideas, most notably [gopher](gopher.md), however some time in the mid 1990s the web took over and would quickly became by far the most prominent Internet service which would go on to make the Internet mainstream. In 1994 [w3c](w3c.md) (World Wide Web Consortium) was established to be the main organization standardizing the web. The web would gradually push all other networks and competing service -- such as [BBS](bbs.md)es, [Usenet](usenet.md) and [gopher](gopher.md) -- to the deepest underground. Of course, having become the [Earth](earth.md)'s largest public forum, the web would also ultimately become what would kill the Internet because all the major powers (read [corporations](corporation.md) and [states](state.md)) would quickly jump in to abuse it for their own propaganda, [marketing](marketing.md), spying, manipulation, crowd control, cyberattacks and so on. This would still take some time, until around 2005 the web was great, very decentralized with plethora of useful personal web pages, however after this -- with the onset of so called web 2.0 (more [bloated](blot.md) web) and so called [social networks](social_network.md) -- the downhill ride would start. It would still take around anther decade for the web to die completely, until 2010 the web still kept part of its original glory, but after 2015 it all shattered. After 2020 the web is but a corpse inhabited by grandma's playing games on facebook while being bombarded by ads and the corpse of what used to be the web is just being kicked further to the ground by new capitalist cyberweapons such as the "[AI](ai.md)".
Probably the biggest milestone in Internet history was the emergence of the **[World Wide Web](www.md)** -- also www or just "the web" -- in 1989 by [Tim Berners-Lee](berners_lee.md) who was at the time working at [CERN](cern.md) in [Europe](europe.md) (i.e. if we see the [US](usa.md) as the inventor of the Internet, the Europe is who made it widespread and famous). The Web was based on the idea of documents (webpages) written in a special language ([HTML](html.md)), all interconnected via clickable links (so called [hypertext](hypertext.md)) viewed with a program called [web browser](web_browser.md). Web's popularity was also helped by the fact that the programs made by Berners-Lee were released to the [public domain](public_domain.md) so that anyone could jump on the web for free, even use it commercially without any fees and so on. And of course, a prerequisite for wide popularity was the presence of the cheap [personal computer](pc.md). Shortly after its invention web competed with other similar services based on similar ideas, most notably [gopher](gopher.md), however some time in the mid 1990s the web took over and would quickly became by far the most prominent Internet service which would go on to make the Internet mainstream. In 1994 [w3c](w3c.md) (World Wide Web Consortium) was established to be the main organization standardizing the web. The web would gradually push all other networks and competing service -- such as [BBS](bbs.md)es, [Usenet](usenet.md) and [gopher](gopher.md) -- to the deepest underground. Of course, having become the [Earth](earth.md)'s largest public forum, the web would also ultimately become what would kill the Internet because all the major powers (read [corporations](corporation.md) and [states](state.md)) would quickly jump in to abuse it for their own propaganda, [marketing](marketing.md), spying, manipulation, crowd control, cyberattacks and so on. This would still take some time, until around 2005 the web was great, very decentralized with plethora of useful personal web pages. People also weren't shitscared by [security](security.md) hysteria yet, [https](https.md) still wasn't the default, everyone would put his photos online along with his name, address and phone number, you could literally visit elementary school websites and find which children went to which class and so on -- no, nothing bad happened, it was all fine. However after this -- with the onset of so called web 2.0 (more [bloated](blot.md) web) and so called [social networks](social_network.md) -- the downhill ride would start. It would still take around anther decade for the web to die completely, until 2010 the web still kept part of its original glory, but after 2015 it all shattered. After 2020 the web is but a corpse inhabited by grandma's playing games on facebook while being bombarded by ads and the corpse of what used to be the web is just being kicked further to the ground by new capitalist cyberweapons such as the "[AI](ai.md)".
Nowadays not only the web but the Internet as a whole is dying by hardcore [capitalism](capitalism.md), becoming greatly [censored](censorship.md), regulated, split (so called [splinternet](splinternet.md)) and controlled by [corporations](corporation.md) who are absolutely killing the old decentralized, [free as in freedom](free_software.md) Internet that was developed by [free software](free_software.md) enthusiasts, nerds, oldschool [hackers](hacking.md), [free speech](free_speech.md) promoters, by universities, scientists and researches in transparent ways, through the RFCs. It is important to remember what it once used to be so that perhaps one day we can see the true Internet return.
@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ Internet overtook the world thanks to having enabled great number of services to
- **[pneumatic tube](pneumatic_tube.md)** and similar non-electric networks: A network of tubes using pressured air to transform small capsule containers from one place to another pretty fast, often used in factories -- this can carry written messages but also, unlike the Internet, physical objects! Other mechanism could be explored to construct similar networks, e.g. something based on hydraulics, string pulling, steam engines, gears, simple gravity (sending a marble down some tunnel could be a quite fast message) and so on.
- **phone networks, [phreaking](phreaking.md), power line communication etc.**: phone networks (and possibly other networks like the electric network, TV network etc.) can be used for all kinds of communication, with [modems](modem.md) they can interconnect digital computers (which was widely used before Internet became widespread, see e.g. [BBS](bbs.md) networks); these networks can also be [hacked](hacking.md) to be used for free or cheap communication -- old time hackers knew how to rape phone boots to let them make free calls (see [phreaking](phreaking.md)). Networks primarily used for carrying power can also carry information alongside power (see [power line communication](plc.md)). Nowadays more anti hacking measures are in place but you may still e.g. exploit the fact that merely ringing someone's phone is completely free, which can be used to send a few [bits](bit.md) of information. WARNING: It's generally illegal to mess with these networks in unintended ways, trying this shit's always on you :-) Also touching random electric cables can kill you. If you by accident take down some optical cable or something, you'll be fined to death.
- **normal voice communication**: As stupid as it sounds, we can sometimes just talk to other people, even if they live in another village, simply by going there and talking to them. You can use shouting to reach even people who are far away instantly -- some communities even invented things like [whistling languages](whistling_language.md) to communicate simple messages on extreme distances, this was used by hunters in forests etc. We got too much used to using cell phones to communicate with someone who just happens to be in another room, but this is just stupid, this can be just discarded as human degeneracy.
- **petroglyphs ([rock](rock.md) carving), wood carving, glass painting, knot tying, metal tables etc.**: Data can be recorded manually in many materials, e.g. Incas used Quipu, a special knot tying language. Carving to stone is hard but will last for a long time, it is ideal for preserving small amounts of important information for a long time. See also [rok carved binary data](rcbd.md).
- **petroglyphs ([rock](rock.md) carving), wood carving, glass painting, knot tying, metal tables etc.**: Data can be recorded manually in many materials, e.g. Incas used Quipu, a special knot tying language. Carving to stone is hard but will last for a long time, it is ideal for preserving small amounts of important information for a long time. See also [rock carved binary data](rcbd.md).
- **human memory**: Human memory can be used instead of computer memory, though we have to bear in mind its limitations. In very old times, before books became common and cheap, there existed people who made living by memorizing history in forms of long poems and recited them in public (this is how e.g. Iliad and Odyssey survived until they were actually recorded).
- **public fora**: Instead of an Internet discussion forum or chat it's possible to just allocate some public space for people to simply talk. Instead of [YouTube](youtube.md) videos people can go see someone's lecture, with the advantage of being able to actually talk to the guy and ask questions -- again, pretty obvious but the new generation may already be forgetting things can be [done simply](kiss.md).
- **local storage/paper and offline programs instead of [cloud](cloud.md)**: This is again more of a note for the newer generation that's used to storing everything in the cloud and also using "cloud apps" -- you can (and SHOULD) store things locally of course, you can use offline programs and eve boomer solutions like a literal paper notebook for taking notes instead of using some online note taking "app". Similarly you can store your cash [money](money.md) and private photos in a physical safe instead of relying on Internet banking or password protected clouds and voila, suddenly you free of yet another bullshit.
*men (Jew) > men (Asian) > men (White) > men (Brown) > women (Jew) > women (Asian) > women (White) > women (Brown) > men (Black) > women (Black)*
**If you think you're smart, you are dumb**, see the infamous [Dunning Kruger](dunning_kruger.md) effect -- becoming smarter comes with feeling dumber and dumber, becoming more humble and less self confident as you just see all the new things you didn't even know you don't know -- Socrates, one of the greatest philosophers of all times and possibly the smartest man of his time, famously summed this up by saying "I know that I know nothing". A fool thinks he is close to knowing everything -- he admits he doesn't know everything, but he thinks he knows like 90% of what the smartest people on Earth know because he didn't even step over the borders of obtaining the basic knowledge, that border is as far as he can see and he doesn't know beyond it lies an infinitely large plain of knowledge into which some managed to get kilometers ahead of him, they are so far away he has no idea anyone can even get that far. It's similar to how the better we explore the space, the more we see how tiny we are -- not long ago we might have thought our galaxy was the whole Universe, now we know it's just a tiny speck in a cluster that's itself just a small speck in the observable Universe which is a nothing in the scale of the whole infinite Universe. Self confidence implies extreme stupidity. Also note that feeling dumb doesn't imply being smart but admitting retardedness is a prerequisite for being smart.
**Is IQ a useful measure and if so, how important is the score?** This is the controversial question discussed over and over, modern "inclusive" society dismisses IQ as basically useless because it points out differences between [races](race.md) etc., some rightist are on the other hand obsessed with IQ too much as it creates a natural hierarchy assigning each man his rank among others. True significance of IQ as a measure seems to be somewhere in between the two extremes here. As it's always noted about IQ, we have to remember the term "intelligence" itself is fuzzy, there doesn't and cannot exist any universal definition of it, so we have trouble even grasping what we're measuring and however we define intelligence, it usually ends up hardly even correlating with "success" or "achievements" or anything similar, so firstly let's see IQ just as what it literally is: a score in some kind of game. Furthermore intelligence is extremely complex and multidimensional (there is spatial and visual intelligence, long and short term memory, language skills, social and emotional intelligence etc.), capturing all this with a single number is inevitably a simplification, the score is just a projected shadow of the intelligence with light cast from certain angle. IQ score definitely does say a lot about some specific kind of "mathematical" intelligence, though even if designed to be so, even in this narrow sense it isn't anywhere near a perfect measure -- though a minority, some mathematicians do score low on IQ tests (Richard Feynman, physics Nobel Prize laureate had famously a relatively low score of 125). It's perhaps good to keep the "IQ tests as a game" mindset -- intelligent people will be probably good at it but some won't, performance can be increased by training, there will be narrowly focused autists who excel at the game but are extremely dumb at everything else etc. Having IQ score predict what we normally understand to be "intelligence" is like having height, weight and age predict how good of a soldier someone will be -- there will be some good correlations, but not nearly perfect ones. Some general IQ range will be necessary for certain tasks such as [programming](programming.md), but rather than +5 on an IQ score things such as education and personality traits will play much more important roles in actually achieving something or creating something good; for example curiosity and determination, the habit of thinking about everything in depth, nonconformity, a skeptical mind, all these are much more important than being a human calculator -- remember, the cheapest calculator will beat the smartest man in multiplying numbers, would you say it is more intelligent?
{ Also consider this: even if you're average, or even a bit below average, you're still [homo](gay.md) sapiens, so as long as you're not a [feminist](feminism.md) or [capitalist](capitalism.md) you'll always be the absolute top organism in intelligence, a member of by far the absolutely most intelligent species that ever appeared on [Earth](earth.md), your intelligence greatly surpasses great majority of living organisms. If you are able to read this, you already possess the great genius, you mastered language and are among the top 0.1%, there's no need to compare yourself to others and aim to be in 0.01% instead of 0.02%. Rather think about what good to do with the gift of reason you've been given. ~drummyfish }
@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ Apparently the term *KISS* originated in the US Army plane engineering: the plan
- Using [markdown](markdown.md) for creating documents, as opposed to using office programs such as [Libreoffice](libreoffice.md).
- Using a trivial [shell](shell.md) script for compiling your programs rather than a complex build system such as [CMake](cmake.md).
- Using [ASCII art](ascii_art.md) instead of bitmap images.
- In the world of [coffee](coffee.md) so called *Turkish coffee* without any milk and sugar is probably the most KISS option, you just put coffee ground in a mug and pour hot water on it. Compare this to Espresso with milk and sugar which needs a quite complex and expensive machine. { Yeah, I drink the most KISS coffee, though sometimes I also use French press -- that one is still quite simple. ~drummyfish }
- ...
Compared to [suckless](suckless.md), [Unix philosophy](unix_philosophy.md) and [LRS](lrs.md), KISS is a more general term and isn't tied to any specific group or movement, it doesn't imply any specifics but rather the general overall idea of simplicity being an advantage ([less is more](less_is_more.md), [worse is better](worse_is_better.md), ...).
@ -17,4 +17,6 @@ Let us comment on a few examples:
- **[Feminism](feminism.md)**: The goal is to benefit the females, i.e. make the superior to males. There is no mention of equality of sexes in the name even this idea might have appeared somewhere in the movement's beginning. And indeed, what we're seeing is a progressively more aggressive fascist movement that is downright hostile to males, is completely uninterested in inequality in the opposite direction and only ever looks for empowering the women, without any concern of equality.
- **[LGBT](lgbt.md)**: Same as feminism.
- **[Anarchism](anarchism.md)**: anarchism means "without a ruler" which has shown to be a good name, clearly opposing the idea of one man standing above another and so, again, keeps resisting attempts at being twisted to go against this basic goal. We rarely see the name being abused by the powerful because someone who wants to rule others simply cannot promote something that clearly indicates there should be no rulers. Indeed, there exist attempts at abusing the name, such as ["Anarcho" capitalism](ancap.md), but we observe the shear absurdity of such attempt is quickly spotted by most people who know what the word *anarchism* means.
- ...
- ...
{ A note from my friend: "[coding](coding.md)" gaining popularity over "[programming](programming.md)" maybe shows a subconscious shift towards [productivity cult](productivity_cult.md), a shift from focusing on the process and doing it well (programming) towards just shitting out quantities of code (coding). ~drummyfish }
Permacomputing wiki is a computer [minimalist](minimalism.md) [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md)-infected wiki centered around so called [permacomputing](permacomputing.md) (a recent term that means basically "sustainable computing", focus on maximizing lifespan of technology, minimize its waste etc., inspired by [permaculture](permaculture.md)) that focuses a lot on minimalist, eco-friendly, [collapse](collapse.md)-ready computing; in many ways (especially when you take away the SJW fascism) the wiki is a lot similar to our [LRS wiki](lrs_wiki.md). It is part of [soynet](soynet.md), the wiki was started in 2022 and can now be accessed at https://permacomputing.net/, one of its famous users is [Viznut](viznut.md) (who allegedly coined the term "permacomputing" on his website in 2020). The wiki has some really cool stuff, but is sadly [toxic](toxic.md), with [code of censorship](coc.md) and is littered with pseudoleftist fascism (about half of bullet points in their site rules is just pseudoleftist copy pasta gospel lol). The wiki also seem to be dying. { One theory is that it was created as a rage reaction to our wiki and the activity was mostly fueled by anger which by now had possibly burned out :D ~drummyfish }
Permacomputing wiki is a computer [minimalist](minimalism.md) [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md)-infected wiki centered around so called [permacomputing](permacomputing.md) (a recent term that means basically "sustainable computing", focus on maximizing lifespan of technology, minimize its waste etc., inspired by [permaculture](permaculture.md)) that focuses a lot on minimalist, eco-friendly, [collapse](collapse.md)-ready computing; in many ways (especially when you take away the SJW fascism) the wiki is a lot similar to our [LRS wiki](lrs_wiki.md). It is part of [soynet](soynet.md), the wiki was started in 2022 and can now be accessed at https://permacomputing.net/, one of its famous users is [Viznut](viznut.md) (who allegedly coined the term "permacomputing" on his website in 2020). The wiki has some really cool stuff, but is sadly [toxic](toxic.md), with [code of censorship](coc.md) and is littered with pseudoleftist fascism (about half of bullet points in their site rules is just pseudoleftist copy pasta gospel lol). LMAO they are promoting some kind of lesbian servers or something :'D The wiki also seem to be dying. { One theory is that it was created as a rage reaction to our wiki and the activity was mostly fueled by anger which by now had possibly burned out :D ~drummyfish }
{ NOTE: Someone reached out to me pointing out permacomputing wiki focuses on new things and concepts while LRS just writes about Unix and "old" stuff -- that's true! Actually permacomputing wiki is awesome in this, it's just sad it's being plagued by ideological issues, but the "content" is really great. I wish I could write better about the "new", I just focus on what I personally do best, i.e. boomer stuff. But I will try to possibly change my direction a bit to focus on new ideas as well. Thanks to the reader for a kind email <3:-)~drummyfish}
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ WATCH OUT: do not confuse regular expressions with Unix [wildcards](wildcard.md)
Regular expressions are widely used in [Unix](unix.md) tools, [programming languages](programming_language.md), editors etc. Especially notable are [grep](grep.md) (searches for patterns in files), [sed](sed.md) (text processor, often used for search and replacement of patterns), [awk](awk.md), [Perl](perl.md), [Vim](vim.md) etc.
From the point of view of [theoretical computer science](theoretical_compsci.md) and [formal languages](formal_language.md) **regular expressions are computationally weak**, they are equivalent to the weakest models of computations such as regular [grammars](grammar.md) or **[finite state machines](finite_state_machine.md)** -- in fact regular expressions are often implemented as finite state machines. This means that **regular expressions can NOT describe any possible pattern**, only relatively simple ones; however it turns out that very many commonly encountered patterns are simple enough to be described this way, so we have a [good enough](good_enough.md) tool. The advantage of regular expressions is exactly that they are simple, yet very often sufficient.
From the point of view of [theoretical computer science](theoretical_compsci.md) and [formal languages](formal_language.md) **regular expressions are computationally weak**, they are equivalent to the weakest models of computations such as regular [grammars](grammar.md) or **[finite state machines](finite_state_machine.md)** -- in fact regular expressions are often implemented as finite state machines. This means that **regular expressions can NOT describe any possible pattern** (for example they can't capture a math expression with brackets in which start brackets have to match end brackets), only relatively simple ones; however it turns out that very many commonly encountered patterns are simple enough to be described this way, so we have a [good enough](good_enough.md) tool. The advantage of regular expressions is exactly that they are simple, yet very often sufficient.
## Details
@ -130,4 +130,79 @@ Here are some strings generated with different `REGEX`es:
Let's now try to **[program](programming.md)** a very simple regular expression in [C](c.md). You can do this in quite fancy ways, serious regex libraries will typically let you specify arbitrary regular expression with a string at runtime (for example `char *myRegex = "(abc|ABC).*d+";`), then compile it to some fast, efficient representation like the mentioned state machine and use that for matching and replacing patterns. We'll do nothing like that here as that's too complex, we will simply make a program that has one hard wired regular expression and it will just say if given input string matches or not. Let's consider the following regular expression:
```
(<[^<>]*>|[^<>]*)*
```
It describes an "[XML](xml.md)"-like text; the text can contain tags that start with `<` and end with `>`, but there mustn't e.g. be a tag inside another tag. For example `<hello> what <world>` will match, but `hello > world << bruh` won't match. OK, so the first thing to do is to convert the regular expression to a [finite state automaton](finite_state_automaton.md) -- this can be done intuitively but there is also an exact algorithm that can do this with any regular expression (look it up if you need it). Our automaton will look like this:
```
.---. .---.
| | else | | else
____V___|____ '>' ____V___|___
| (accept) |<------||
start --->| outside_tag |------>| inside_tag |
|_____________| '<' |____________|
| |
| '>' '<' |
__V___ |
.---| | |
any | | fail |<------------'
'-->|______|
```
Here we start in the `outside_tag` state and move between states depending on what characters we read from the input string we are checking (indicated next to the arrows). If we end up in the `outside_tag` state state again (marked as *accepting* state) when all is read, the input string matched the regular expression, otherwise it didn't. We'll translate this automaton to a C program:
```
#include<stdio.h>
#define STATE_OUTSIDE_TAG 0
#define STATE_INSIDE_TAG 1
#define STATE_FAIL 2
int main(void)
{
int state = STATE_OUTSIDE_TAG;
while (1)
{
int c = getchar();
if (c == EOF)
break;
switch (state)
{
case STATE_OUTSIDE_TAG:
if (c == '<')
state = STATE_INSIDE_TAG;
else if (c == '>')
state = STATE_FAIL;
break;
case STATE_INSIDE_TAG:
if (c == '>')
state = STATE_OUTSIDE_TAG;
else if (c == '<')
state = STATE_FAIL;
break;
case STATE_FAIL:
break;
}
}
puts(state == STATE_OUTSIDE_TAG ? "matches!" : "string didn't match :(");
return 0;
}
```
Just compile this and pass a string to the standard input (e.g. `echo "<testing> string | ./program"`), it will write out if it matches or not.
Maybe it seems a bit overcomplicated -- you could say you could program the above even without regular expressions and state machines. That's true, however imagine dealing with a more complex regex, one that matches a quite complex real world file format. Consider that in [HTML](html.md) for example there are pair tags, non-pair tags, attributes inside tags, entities, comments and many more things, so here you'd have great difficulties creating such parser intuitively -- the approach we have shown can be completely automatized and will work as long as you can describe the format with regular expression.
