Update

internet.md

@@ -8,15 +8,47 @@ Internet is built on top of [protocols](protocol.md) (such as [IP](ip.md), [HTTP
 
 Access to the Internet is offered by [ISPs](isp.md) (internet service providers) but it's pretty easy to connect to the Internet even for free, e.g. via free [wifis](wifi.md) in public places, or in libraries. By 2020 more than half of world's population had access to the Internet -- most people in the first world have practically constant, unlimited access to it via their [smartphones](smartphone.md), and even in [poor countries](shithole.md) [capitalism](capitalism.md) makes these devices along with Internet access cheap as people constantly carrying around devices that display [ads](ad.md) and spy on them is what allows their easy [exploitation](leading_the_pig_to_the_slaughterhouse.md).
 
-The following are some stats about the Internet as of 2022: there are over 5 billion users world-wide (more than half of them from Asia and mostly young people) and over 50 billion individual devices connected, about 2 billion websites (over 60% in [English](english.md)) on the web, hundreds of billions of emails are sent every day, average connection speed is 24 Mbps, there are over 370 million registered [domain](domain.md) names (most popular [TLD](tld.md) is .com), [Google](google.com) performs about 7 billion web searches daily (over 90% of all search engines).
+The following are some **statistics** about the Internet as of early 2020s: there are over 5 billion users world-wide (more than half of them from Asia and mostly young people), it is estimated 63% people worldwide use the Internet with the number being as high as 90% in the developed countries. Most Internet users are English speakers (27%), followed by Chinese speakers (25%). It's also estimated over 50 billion individual devices connected, about 2 billion websites (over 60% in [English](english.md)) on the web, hundreds of billions of emails are sent every day, average connection speed is 24 Mbps, there are over 370 million registered [domain](domain.md) names (most popular [TLD](tld.md) is .com), [Google](google.com) performs about 7 billion web searches daily (over 90% of all search engines).
 
 PRO TIP: **you should print your own offline Internet** (or maybe we should rather say offline [web](www.md)). Collect your favorite websites and other resources (gopher holes, Usenet threads, images, ...) and make a single dense [PDF](pdf.md) out of them. Process each page so that it's just plain text, remove all graphics and colors, unify the font, make the font small and decrease margins so that you fit as much as possible on a single page to not waste paper. For many pages, like Wikipedia, a small script will be able to do this automatically; the uglier pages may just be edited manually. An easy approach is for example to convert the pages to plain HTML that just contains paragraphs and heading of different levels, then copy-pasting this to LibreOffice, globally editing the font and auto-generate things like table of contents and page numbers, then exporting as PDF. You can even make a script that contains the list of pages you want to scrap so that you can make a newer print a few years later. Once you have the PDF, print it out and have your own tiny offline net :) It will be useful [when the lights go out](collapse.md), it's a physical backup of your favorite sites (the PDF, as a byproduct, is also a single-file backup in electronic form), something no one will be silently censoring under your hands, and it's also just nice to read through printed pages, the experience is better than reading stuff on the screen -- this will be like your own 100% personalized book with stuff you find most interesting, in a form that's comfortable to read.
 
 ## History
 
-*see also [history](history.md)*
+*See also [history](history.md) and [www](www.md).*
 
-TODO: https://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/, https://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/57.htm
+{ Some sites with Internet history: https://www.zakon.org/robert/internet/timeline/, https://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Topics/57.htm. ~drummyfish }
+
+It goes without saying that even though in retrospect it looks like the Internet just came to be one day, it wasn't indeed so -- we have to remember large communication networks existed for a long time and were often used in ways very similar to the Internet, even for silly things like playing [games](game.md) (e.g. [chess](chess.md) used to be played over snail mail and even telegraph). Before electronic networks there were networks such as paper mail and optical telegraphs. With electricity a great number of new, much improved networks appeared, such as the electrical [telegraph](telegraph.md) (~1840), phone and [fax](fax.md) networks (~1880), radio broadcasts (circa first half of 20th century) and [TV](tv.md) broadcasts (~1930). Some of the later networks were very similar to the World Wide Web from user perspective, and they were quite advanced and widely used at the time when Internet was just in its infancy -- for example [teletext](teletext.md) (~1970) allowed people to browse graphical pages on their TVs, [BBS](bbs.md) and [Usenet](usenet.md) networks were already [digital](digital.md) computer networks (accessed through dialup [modems](modem.md)) allowed people to chat, discuss on forums, roleplay, play games and share files, [Minitel](minitel.md) was the most successful Internet like network that worked in France in the 1980s etc.
+
+The Internet itself evolved from **[ARPANET](arpanet.md)**, a network designed by [US](usa.md) department of defense; ARPANET started to be developed in 1969 (with first plans appearing in 1966), fueled by Cold War rivalry with the Soviet Union. Of course, this network wasn't intended to become what the Internet is today, no one could probably have foreseen the future, it was just another [military](military.md) project -- as such, ARPANET was designed to be **[decentralized](decentralization.md)** so as to be robust, i.e. there was no central node of the network which would be an easy target for enemies in a war. ARPANET was revolutionary by utilizing so called **[packet switching](packet_switching.md)** (idea published in a paper in 1961), i.e. any data sent over the network were split into small data [packets](packet.md) that would travel through the network independently, each one possibly by different path, and would be reassembled into the whole once they all arrived at the destination (again, this helped keep the network robust -- if one path was destroyed, packets would just find another path). This is in contrast to traditional [circuit switching](circuit_switching.md) used until then e.g. in telephone networks (circuit switching basically just means that direct connections are established between nodes that want to communicate at given time).
+
+In April 1969 the first **[RFC](rfc.md)** ("request for comments") document was published (back then wrote with typewriter) -- RFCs would become a standard type of documents for discussing the design and improvements of ARPANET and later the Internet between the network engineers and scientists -- in RFCs new standards and [protocols](protocol.md) would be suggested, defined and discussed. 29 October 1969 is seen as a historical moment for ARPANET because at that day first data were sent through it from University of California -- it was a letter "L" (a whole word "LOGIN" was supposed to be sent but the computer crashed somewhere at "G"). In November of this year the first permanent ARPANET connection was established between University of California and Stanford Research Institute and shortly after a 4 node network was established.
+
+By 1971 there were 15 ARPANET nodes. In 1974 allegedly the **first use of the word "Internet"** appeared in the specification of the TCP protocol by Cerf et al. The [TCP/IP](tcp_ip.md) protocol they published would become a key part of the Internet -- even today these protocols are the foundation of the Internet. By 1977 ARPANET had about 60 nodes.
+
+In 1983 there were more than 500 registered hosts and in 1984 the number surpassed 1000. Also in 1984 the **[DNS](dns.md)** (domain name system) was introduced -- this would allow network nodes to have "human friendly names" like *mycomputer.com* instead of just numeric addresses. In 1985 the first domain name was registered -- it was symbolics.com. In 1987 the number of hosts was around 10000. In 1989 this was already 100000.
+
+In 1990 ARPANET project was officially ended to let the network, now mostly known as the Internet, live and be developed further mostly by the private sector. In this year [EFF](eff.md) (Electronic Frontier Foundation), a major international non-profit that would help overlooking the Internet, was also founded. Due to the exploding popularity the Internet started to run out of IP addresses in early 1990s which was temporarily fixed by so called [CIDR](cidr.md) with long term plans to transition to bigger [IPv6](ipv6.md) addresses.
+
+Probably the biggest milestone in Internet history was the emergence of the **[World Wide Web](www.md)** -- also www or just "the web" -- in 1989 by [Tim Berners-Lee](berners_lee.md) who was at the time working at [CERN](cern.md) in [Europe](europe.md) (i.e. if we see the [US](usa.md) as the inventor of the Internet, the Europe is who made it widespread and famous). The Web was based on the idea of documents (webpages) written in a special language ([HTML](html.md)), all interconnected via clickable links (so called [hypertext](hypertext.md)) viewed with a program called [web browser](web_browser.md). Web's popularity was also helped by the fact that the programs made by Berners-Lee were released to the [public domain](public_domain.md) so that anyone could jump on the web for free, even use it commercially without any fees and so on. And of course, a prerequisite for wide popularity was the presence of the cheap [personal computer](pc.md). Shortly after its invention web competed with other similar services based on similar ideas, most notably [gopher](gopher.md), however some time in the mid 1990s the web took over and would quickly became by far the most prominent Internet service which would go on to make the Internet mainstream. In 1994 [w3c](w3c.md) (World Wide Web Consortium) was established to be the main organization standardizing the web. The web would gradually push all other networks and competing service -- such as [BBS](bbs.md)es, [Usenet](usenet.md) and [gopher](gopher.md) -- to the deepest underground. Of course, having become the [Earth](earth.md)'s largest public forum, the web would also ultimately become what would kill the Internet because all the major powers (read [corporations](corporation.md) and [states](state.md)) would quickly jump in to abuse it for their own propaganda, [marketing](marketing.md), spying, manipulation, crowd control, cyberattacks and so on. This would still take some time, until around 2005 the web was great, very decentralized with plethora of useful personal web pages, however after this -- with the onset of so called web 2.0 (more [bloated](blot.md) web) and so called [social networks](social_network.md) -- the downhill ride would start. It would still take around anther decade for the web to die completely, until 2010 the web still kept part of its original glory, but after 2015 it all shattered. After 2020 the web is but a corpse inhabited by grandma's playing games on facebook while being bombarded by ads and the corpse of what used to be the web is just being kicked further to the ground by new capitalist cyberweapons such as the "[AI](ai.md)".
+
+Nowadays not only the web but the Internet as a whole is dying by hardcore [capitalism](capitalism.md), becoming greatly [censored](censorship.md), regulated, split (so called [splinternet](splinternet.md)) and controlled by [corporations](corporation.md) who are absolutely killing the old decentralized, [free as in freedom](free_software.md) Internet that was developed by [free software](free_software.md) enthusiasts, nerds, oldschool [hackers](hacking.md), [free speech](free_speech.md) promoters, by universities, scientists and researches in transparent ways, through the RFCs. It is important to remember what it once used to be so that perhaps one day we can see the true Internet return.
+
+Here is the Internet over time in numbers:
+
+| year |~inet servers|~websites |~domains |~% inet users (glob.)|
+| ---- | ----------- | -------- | ------- | ------------------- |
+| 1969 | 4           |          |         |                     |
+| 1970 | 10          |          |         |                     |
+| 1975 | 100         |          |         |                     |
+| 1980 | 200         |          |         |                     |
+| 1985 | 2000        |          | 1       |                     |
+| 1990 | 300000      | 1        | 9300    |                     |
+| 1995 | 2000000     | 23000    | 71000   | 1                   |
+| 2000 | 100000000   | 7000000  | 40000000| 7                   |
+| 2005 | 350000000   | 100000000|100000000| 16                  |
+| 2010 | 700000000   | 300000000|200000000| 30                  |
+| 2015 | 1000000000  |1000000000|300000000| 43                  |
 
 ## Alternatives To The Internet
 
@@ -49,5 +81,6 @@ Internet overtook the world thanks to having enabled great number of services to
 - [splinternet](splinternet.md)
 - [Kwangmyong](kwangmyong.md) (North Korean intranet)
 - [Snet](snet.md) (large computer network on Cuba)
+- [soynet](soynet.md)
 - [interplanetary internet](interplanetary_internet.md)
 - [books](books.md)