Update

programming_language.md

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ Just before the 90s, in the year of our Lord 1989, the ANSI C standard (also kno
 
 What really IS a programming language -- is it software? Is it a standard? Can a language be [bloated](bloat.md)? How does the languages evolve? Where is the exact line between a programming language and non-programming language? Who makes programming languages? Who "owns" them? Who controls them? Why are there so many and not just one? These are just some of the questions one may ask upon learning about programming. Let's try to quickly answer some of them.
 
-Strictly speaking programming language is a [formal language](formal_language.md) with [semantics](semantics.md), i.e. just something akin a "mathematical idea" -- as such it cannot be directly "owned", at least not on the grounds of [copyright](copyright.md), as seems to have been quite strongly established by a few court cases now. However things related to a language can sadly be owned, for example their specifications (official standards describing the language), [trademarks](trademark.md) (the name or logo of the language), implementations (specific software such as the language's compiler), [patents](patent.md) on some ideas used in the implementation etc. Also if a language is very complex, it can be owned practically; typically a corporation will make an extremely complicated language which only 1000 paid programmers can maintain, giving the corporation complete control over the language -- see [bloat monopoly](bloat_monopoly.md) and [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md).
+Strictly speaking programming language is a [formal language](formal_language.md) with [semantics](semantics.md), i.e. just something akin to a "mathematical idea" -- as such it cannot be directly "owned", at least not on the grounds of [copyright](copyright.md), as seems to have been quite strongly established by a few court cases now. However things related to a language can sadly be owned, for example their specifications (official standards describing the language), [trademarks](trademark.md) (the name or logo of the language), implementations (specific software such as the language's compiler), [patents](patent.md) on some ideas used in the implementation etc. Also if a language is very complex, it can be owned practically; typically a corporation will make an extremely complicated language which only 1000 paid programmers can maintain, giving the corporation complete control over the language -- see [bloat monopoly](bloat_monopoly.md) and [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md).
 
 At this point we should start to distinguish between the pure language and its **[implementation](implementation.md)**. As has been said, the pure language is just an idea -- this idea is explained in detail in so called **language specification**, a document that's kind of a standard that precisely describes the language. Specification is a technical document, it is NOT a tutorial or promotional material or anything like that, its purpose is just to DEFINE the language for those who will be implementing it -- sometimes specification can be a very official standard made by some standardizing organization (as e.g. with C), other times it may be just a collaborative online document that at the same time serves as the language reference (as e.g. with Lua). In any case it's important to [version](version_numbering.md) the specification just as we version programs, because when specification changes, the specified languages usually changes too (unless it's a minor change such as fixing some typos), so we have to have a way to exactly identify WHICH version of the language we are referring to. Theoretically specification is the first thing, however in practice we usually have someone e.g. program a small language for internal use in a company, then that language becomes more popular and widespread and only then someone decides to standardize it and make the official specification. Specification describes things like syntax, semantics, conformance criteria etc., often using precise formal tools such as [grammars](grammar.md). It's hugely difficult to make good specification because one has to decide what depth to go to and even what to purposefully leave unspecified! One would thought that it's always better to define as many things as possible, but that's naive -- leaving some things up to the choice of those who will be implementing the language gives them freedom to implement it in a way that's fastest, most elegant or convenient in any other way.