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3
encyclopedia.md
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@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ Here is a list of notable encyclopedias, focused on general knowledge English la
| Everybodywiki |2017...| CC BY-SA | online | ~300K | alternative to Wikipedia allowing articles on non notable things and people |
| Google Knol | ~2010 | proprietary | online | | failed online enc. by Google, archived on archive.org |
| Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia| 2003 | proprietary | CD | | |
| GNU CIDE |2012...| GPL | online/elec.| ~123K | GNU English dictionary, forked from old Webster's dictionary |
|Illustrated Family Encyclopedia | 1997 | proprietary | 2 vol. 920p | 5K | kid-friendly, nice pictures, USA bias, piratable |
|[Infogalactic](infogalactic.md) |2016...| CC BY-SA | online | 2M | Wikipedia fork, no SJW censorship, FOR PROFIT (you can buy article control lol), can't make accounts |
| [Leftypedia](leftypedia.md) |2020...| GFDL | online | ~200 | Leftist encyclopedia, currently NOT littered by SJWs, writing about all branches of the "left" |
@ -55,7 +56,9 @@ Here is a list of notable encyclopedias, focused on general knowledge English la
| The Nuttall Encyclopaedia | 1907 | PD (old) | 1 vol. | 16K | short articles, oldschool, digitized (gutenberg) |
| [Vikidia](vikidia.md) |2006...| CC BY-SA | online | 4K | "Wikipedia for kids", probably as censored as Wikipedia |
|Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |1864 | PD (old) | paper | 476K | short descriptions, digitized (gutenberg) |
| [Wikidata](wikidata.md) |2012...| Pd (CC0) | online/elec.| 109M | database, Wikipedia sister project |
| **[Wikipedia](wikipedia.md)** |2001...| CC BY-SA | online | 6M | largest and most famous, EXTREME PSEUDOLEFTIST CENSORSHIP AND POLITICAL PROPAGANDA, free culture |
| Wiktionary |2002...| CC BY-SA | online | 1M | dictionary, Wikipedia's sister project, many language versions |
| Old Wikipedia | 2001 | GFDL | online | 19K | archived old Wikipedia, less censorship, https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org |
| Pears' Cyclopedia | 1897 | PD (old) | 1 vol. 740p | | contains dictionary, general knowl. maps, reference etc., scanned on archive.org |
| World Almanac and Book of Facts|1868...| some PD (old) | 1 vol. | | interesting and useful information, data and facts from old to new age, US-centered |

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exercises.md
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@ -109,20 +109,23 @@ Here are some questions to test your LRS related knowledge :D
10. We have two gears, each of same size and same number of teeth. Gear A is fixed in place, it can't move or rotate, gear B runs around gear A so that it keeps touching it (and therefore rotates along the way) until it gets to the place where it started. How many revolutions around its own axis (from your stationary point of view) has gear B made?
11. What's the worst socioeconomic system in the world? You don't even have to say why because that would take too long.
12. Manually convert the [binary](binary.md) numeral 10110000000010110101 to hexadecimal.
13. How would you compute the circumference of a circle with radius *r* without using floating point? Consider just the approximate value of pi ~= 3.14, i.e. write the formula multiplying *2 * r* by 3.14 only using whole numbers (of course the result will be rounded to whole number too).
14. Name at least five licenses commonly used for [FOSS](foss.md) programs, five text editors/IDEs commonly used for programming and five operating systems whose source code is mostly free-licensed (none of these is allowed to be using the same or forked kernel of any other).
15. What is the minimum number of [bits](bit.md) that will allow us to represent 12345678910111213 distinct values?
16. Give at least one example of [analog](analog.md) electronic device and one of [digital](digital.md) mechanical device.
17. Answer yes/no to following: Is base-three number 2101 greater than base-seven number 206? Is [gemini](gemini.md) better than [gopher](gopher.md)? Is there any [triangle](triangle.md) (in Euclidean geometry) whose one side is longer than the sum of lengths of its other two sides?
18. There are two walls 2 meters apart, the right wall is moving left by the speed 0.1 m/s, the left wall is moving right by the same speed 0.1 m/s. There is a fly in the middle between the walls, flying by speed 1 m/s. It is flying towards one wall, then when it reaches it it turns around and flies towards the other wall etc. When the walls completely close in, what distance would the fly have traveled? (There is a simple solution.)
19. Solve these [anagrams](anagram.md): *no cure sir*, *come piss ron*, *ginger*, *nicer shops*, *fog tag*, *trek now*.
20. In 3D computer [graphics](graphics.md) what's the difference between [shading](shading.md) and drawing [shadows](shadow.md)?
21. Can we say that the traditional feed forward [neural networks](neural_network.md) are [Turing complete](turing_complete.md)? Explain why or why not.
22. Wicw mx uum yvfe bbt uhmtf ok?
23. Does the statement "10 does not equal 10" logically [imply](implication.md) that intelligent alien life exists?
24. What is the principle of [asymmetric cryptography](asymmetric_cryptography.md) and why is it called *asymmetric*?
25. WARNING: VERY HARD. There are two integers, both greater than 1 and smaller than 100. *P* knows their product, *S* knows their sum. They have this conversation: *P* says: I don't know the numbers. *S* says: I know you don't, I don't know them either. *P* says: now I know them. *S* says: now I know them too. What are the numbers? To solve this you are allowed to use a programming language, pen and paper etc. { Holy shit this took me like a whole day. ~drummyfish }
26. Did you enjoy this quiz?
13. Why do astronauts on the ISS feel weightlessness?
14. How would you compute the circumference of a circle with radius *r* without using floating point? Consider just the approximate value of pi ~= 3.14, i.e. write the formula multiplying *2 * r* by 3.14 only using whole numbers (of course the result will be rounded to whole number too).
15. Name at least five licenses commonly used for [FOSS](foss.md) programs, five text editors/IDEs commonly used for programming and five operating systems whose source code is mostly free-licensed (none of these is allowed to be using the same or forked kernel of any other).
16. What is the minimum number of [bits](bit.md) that will allow us to represent 12345678910111213 distinct values?
17. Give at least one example of [analog](analog.md) electronic device and one of [digital](digital.md) mechanical device.
18. Answer yes/no to following: Is base-three number 2101 greater than base-seven number 206? Is [gemini](gemini.md) better than [gopher](gopher.md)? Is there any [triangle](triangle.md) (in Euclidean geometry) whose one side is longer than the sum of lengths of its other two sides?
19. There are two walls 2 meters apart, the right wall is moving left by the speed 0.1 m/s, the left wall is moving right by the same speed 0.1 m/s. There is a fly in the middle between the walls, flying by speed 1 m/s. It is flying towards one wall, then when it reaches it it turns around and flies towards the other wall etc. When the walls completely close in, what distance would the fly have traveled? (There is a simple solution.)
20. Solve these [anagrams](anagram.md): *no cure sir*, *come piss ron*, *ginger*, *nicer shops*, *fog tag*, *trek now*.
21. At what times, with precision to seconds, do clock hands overlap (just compute AM, PM is the same)?
22. In 3D computer [graphics](graphics.md) what's the difference between [shading](shading.md) and drawing [shadows](shadow.md)?
23. Can we say that the traditional feed forward [neural networks](neural_network.md) are [Turing complete](turing_complete.md)? Explain why or why not.
24. Wicw mx uum yvfe bbt uhmtf ok?
25. Does the statement "10 does not equal 10" logically [imply](implication.md) that intelligent alien life exists?
26. What is the principle of [asymmetric cryptography](asymmetric_cryptography.md) and why is it called *asymmetric*?
27. What is the main reason for [Earth](earth.md) having seasons (summer, winter, ...)?
28. WARNING: VERY HARD. There are two integers, both greater than 1 and smaller than 100. *P* knows their product, *S* knows their sum. They have this conversation: *P* says: I don't know the numbers. *S* says: I know you don't, I don't know them either. *P* says: now I know them. *S* says: now I know them too. What are the numbers? To solve this you are allowed to use a programming language, pen and paper etc. { Holy shit this took me like a whole day. ~drummyfish }
29. Did you enjoy this quiz?
### Answers
@ -138,20 +141,23 @@ Here are some questions to test your LRS related knowledge :D
10. two (try it, see coin rotation paradox)
11. [capitalism](capitalism.md)
12. B00B5
13. *(2 * r * 314) / 100*
14. [GPL](gpl.md), LGPL, AGPL, [MIT](mit.md), BSD, Apache, [CC0](cc0.md), unlicense, zlib, WTFPL, ...; [vim](vim.md), [emacs](emacs.md), [Acme](acme.md), Geany, vi, Notepad++, Neovim, Kate, nano, gedit, ...; [Debian](debian.md), 9front, [OpenBSD](openbsd.md), [FreeDOS](freedos.md), [Haiku](haiku.md), [Minix](minix.md), ReactOS, [GNU](gnu.md)/[Hurd](hurd.md), V6 [Unix](unix.md), FreeRTOS, ...
15. The number is *N* such that 2^N = 12345678910111213, rounded up, that is ceil(log2(12345678910111213)) = 54.
16. amplifier, voltmeter, analog hardware for [neural networks](neural_net.md), ...; abacus, mechanical calculators such as Curta, Turing machine made of wood, ...
17. no, no, no
18. The walls will collide in 10 seconds during which the fly has been constantly flying with the speed 1 m/s, so it traveled 10 meters.
19. *[recursion](recursion.md)*, *[compression](compression.md)*, *[nigger](nigger.md)*, *[censorship](censorship.md)*, *[faggot](faggot.md)*, *[network](network.md)*.
20. Shading is the process of computing surface color of 3D objects, typically depending on the object's material and done by GPU programs called [shaders](shader.md); shading involves for example applying textures, normal mapping and mainly lighting -- though it can make pixels lighter and darker, e.g. depending on surface normal, it only applies local models of light, i.e. doesn't compute true shadows cast by other objects. On the other hand computing shadows uses some method that works with the scene as a whole to compute true shadowing of objects by other objects.
21. We can't really talk about Turing completeness of plain neural networks, they cannot be Turing complete because they just transform fixed length input into fixed length output -- a Turing complete model of computation must be able to operate with arbitrarily large input and output. In theory we can replace any neural network with logic circuit or even just plain lookup table. Significance of neural networks doesn't lie in their computational power but rather in their efficiency, i.e. a relatively small and simple neural network may replace what would otherwise be an enormously large and complicated circuit.
22. two (or txq); The cipher offsets each letter by its position.
23. Yes, a false statement implies anything.
24. The main difference against symmetric cryptography is we have two keys instead of one, one (private) for encrypting and one (public) for decrypting -- neither key can be used for the other task. Therefore encryption and decryption processes differ greatly (while in symmetric cryptography it's essentially the same, using the same key, just in reversed way), the problem looks different in one direction that the other, hence it is called *asymmetric*.
25. 4 and 13, solution: make a table, columns are first integer, rows are second (remember, both *P* and *S* can be making their own table like this too). Cross out whole bottom triangle (symmetric values). *P* doesn't know the numbers, so cross out all combinations of two primes (he would know such numbers as they have only a unique product). *S* knew *P* didn't know the numbers, so the sum also mustn't be a sum of two primes (if the sum could be written as a prime plus prime, *S* couldn't have known that *P* didn't know the numbers, the numbers may have been those two primes and *P* would have known them). This means you can cross out all such numbers -- these are all bottom-left-to-top-right diagonals that go through at least one already crossed out number (combination of primes), as these diagonal have constant sum. Now *P* has a table like this with relatively few numbers left -- if he now leaves in only the numbers that make the product he knows, he'll very likely be left with only one combination of numbers -- there are still many combinations like this, but only the situation when the numbers are set to be 4 and 13 allows *S* to also deduce the numbers after *P* declares he knows the numbers -- this is because *S* knows the combination lies on one specific constant-sum diagonal and 4-13 lie on the only diagonal that in this situation has a unique product within the reduced table. So with some other combinations *P* could deduce the numbers too, but only with 4-13 *S* can finally say he knows them too.
26. yes
13. It's not because of the distance from the [Earth](earth.md), the force of gravity is practically the same there (from the Earth's perspective they're really not significantly far away, even the Moon still feels Earth's gravity very strongly so that it doesn't fly away). It's because they are orbiting the Earth, the path they are taking makes them constantly be in a kind of free fall while also preventing them from hitting the Earth (similarly to a comet who is kind of falling towards the Earth but just narrowly misses it, the orbital path of ISS is just much closer to being a circle than an ellipse). I.e. they feel the same kind of weightlessness you will feel in an elevator that's falling down.
14. *(2 * r * 314) / 100*
15. [GPL](gpl.md), LGPL, AGPL, [MIT](mit.md), BSD, Apache, [CC0](cc0.md), unlicense, zlib, WTFPL, ...; [vim](vim.md), [emacs](emacs.md), [Acme](acme.md), Geany, vi, Notepad++, Neovim, Kate, nano, gedit, ...; [Debian](debian.md), 9front, [OpenBSD](openbsd.md), [FreeDOS](freedos.md), [Haiku](haiku.md), [Minix](minix.md), ReactOS, [GNU](gnu.md)/[Hurd](hurd.md), V6 [Unix](unix.md), FreeRTOS, ...
16. The number is *N* such that 2^N = 12345678910111213, rounded up, that is ceil(log2(12345678910111213)) = 54.
17. amplifier, voltmeter, analog hardware for [neural networks](neural_net.md), ...; abacus, mechanical calculators such as Curta, Turing machine made of wood, ...
18. no, no, no
19. The walls will collide in 10 seconds during which the fly has been constantly flying with the speed 1 m/s, so it traveled 10 meters.
20. *[recursion](recursion.md)*, *[compression](compression.md)*, *[nigger](nigger.md)*, *[censorship](censorship.md)*, *[faggot](faggot.md)*, *[network](network.md)*.
21. 1:5:27, 2:10:54, 3:16:21, 4:21:49, 5:27:16, 6:32:43, 7:38:10, 8:43:38, 9:49:05, 10:54:32, 12:00:00, you can compute it by making equations for position of the hour and minute hand depending on time, setting them equal and solving, i.e. you get something like *tm / (60 * 12) = (tm / 60) - (tm // 60)* (where *//* is integer division and *tm* is time in minutes); you will find the times are those when minute hand is at multiples of 60 / 11 minues (5:27), i.e. there are 11 such times around the circle and they are evenly spaced.
22. Shading is the process of computing surface color of 3D objects, typically depending on the object's material and done by GPU programs called [shaders](shader.md); shading involves for example applying textures, normal mapping and mainly lighting -- though it can make pixels lighter and darker, e.g. depending on surface normal, it only applies local models of light, i.e. doesn't compute true shadows cast by other objects. On the other hand computing shadows uses some method that works with the scene as a whole to compute true shadowing of objects by other objects.
23. We can't really talk about Turing completeness of plain neural networks, they cannot be Turing complete because they just transform fixed length input into fixed length output -- a Turing complete model of computation must be able to operate with arbitrarily large input and output. In theory we can replace any neural network with logic circuit or even just plain lookup table. Significance of neural networks doesn't lie in their computational power but rather in their efficiency, i.e. a relatively small and simple neural network may replace what would otherwise be an enormously large and complicated circuit.
24. two (or txq); The cipher offsets each letter by its position.
25. Yes, a false statement implies anything.
26. The main difference against symmetric cryptography is we have two keys instead of one, one (private) for encrypting and one (public) for decrypting -- neither key can be used for the other task. Therefore encryption and decryption processes differ greatly (while in symmetric cryptography it's essentially the same, using the same key, just in reversed way), the problem looks different in one direction that the other, hence it is called *asymmetric*.
27. It's not the distance from the Sun (the distance doesn't change that much and it also wouldn't explain why opposite hemispheres have opposite seasons) but the tilted Earth axis -- the tilt changes the maximum height to which the Sun rises above any specific spot and so the angle under which it shines on the that spot; the [cosine](cos.md) of this angle says how much energy the place gets from the Sun (similarly to how we use cosine to determine how much light is reflected off of a surface in [shaders](shader.md)).
28. 4 and 13, solution: make a table, columns are first integer, rows are second (remember, both *P* and *S* can be making their own table like this too). Cross out whole bottom triangle (symmetric values). *P* doesn't know the numbers, so cross out all combinations of two primes (he would know such numbers as they have only a unique product). *S* knew *P* didn't know the numbers, so the sum also mustn't be a sum of two primes (if the sum could be written as a prime plus prime, *S* couldn't have known that *P* didn't know the numbers, the numbers may have been those two primes and *P* would have known them). This means you can cross out all such numbers -- these are all bottom-left-to-top-right diagonals that go through at least one already crossed out number (combination of primes), as these diagonal have constant sum. Now *P* has a table like this with relatively few numbers left -- if he now leaves in only the numbers that make the product he knows, he'll very likely be left with only one combination of numbers -- there are still many combinations like this, but only the situation when the numbers are set to be 4 and 13 allows *S* to also deduce the numbers after *P* declares he knows the numbers -- this is because *S* knows the combination lies on one specific constant-sum diagonal and 4-13 lie on the only diagonal that in this situation has a unique product within the reduced table. So with some other combinations *P* could deduce the numbers too, but only with 4-13 *S* can finally say he knows them too.
29. yes
## Other

2
free_speech.md
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@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
# Free Speech
Freedom of speech means there are no arbitrary government or anyone else imposed punishments for or obstacles (such as [censorship](censorship.md)) to merely talking about anything, making any public statement or publication of any information. **Free speech has to be by definition absolute and have no limit**, otherwise it's not free speech but controlled, limited speech -- trying to add exceptions to free speech is like trying to limit to whom a [free software](free_software.md) license is granted; doing so immediately makes such software non-free. **Free speech also comes with zero responsibility** exactly by definition, as responsibility implies some forms of punishment; free speech means exactly one can say anything without fearing any burden of responsibility. Freedom of speech is an essential attribute of a mature society, sadly it hasn't been widely implemented yet and with the [SJW](sjw.md) cancer the latest trend in society is towards eliminating free speech rather than supporting it (see e.g. [political correctness](political_correctness.md)). Speech is being widely censored by extremist groups (e.g. [LGBT](lgbt.md) and [corporations](corporation.md), see also [cancel culture](cancel_culture.md)) and states -- depending on country there exist laws against so called "[hate speech](hate_speech.md)", questioning official versions of history (see e.g. [Holocaust](holocaust.md) denial laws present in many EU states), criticizing powerful people (for example it is illegal to criticize or insult that huge inbred dick Thai king), sharing of useful information such as books ([copyright](copyright.md) censorship) etc. Free speech nowadays is being eliminated by the strategy of creating an exception to free speech, usually called "hate speech", and then classifying any undesired speech under such label and silencing it.
Freedom of speech means there are no arbitrary government or anyone else imposed punishments for or obstacles (such as [censorship](censorship.md)) to merely talking about anything, making any public statement or publication of any information. **Free speech has to be by definition absolute and have no limit**, otherwise it's not free speech but controlled, limited speech -- trying to add exceptions to free speech is like trying to limit to whom a [free software](free_software.md) license is granted; doing so immediately makes such software non-free; free speech "with limits" is like free lunch for a low price or vegetarian food with only a little meat in it -- it's not the real thing, it just wants to be called *X* without actually being *X*. **Free speech also comes with zero responsibility** exactly by definition, as responsibility implies some forms of punishment; free speech means exactly one can say anything without fearing any burden of responsibility. Freedom of speech is an essential attribute of a mature society, sadly it hasn't been widely implemented yet and with the [SJW](sjw.md) cancer the latest trend in society is towards eliminating free speech rather than supporting it (see e.g. [political correctness](political_correctness.md)). Speech is being widely censored by extremist groups (e.g. [LGBT](lgbt.md) and [corporations](corporation.md), see also [cancel culture](cancel_culture.md)) and states -- depending on country there exist laws against so called "[hate speech](hate_speech.md)", questioning official versions of history (see e.g. [Holocaust](holocaust.md) denial laws present in many EU states), criticizing powerful people (for example it is illegal to criticize or insult that huge inbred dick Thai king), sharing of useful information such as books ([copyright](copyright.md) censorship) etc. Free speech nowadays is being eliminated by the strategy of creating an exception to free speech, usually called "hate speech", and then classifying any undesired speech under such label and silencing it.
The basic principle of free speech says that **if you don't support freedom of speech which you dislike, you don't support free speech**. I.e. speech that you hate does not equal hate speech.

40
function.md
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@ -10,9 +10,35 @@ In mathematics functions can be defined and viewed from different angles, but it
*f(x) = x / 2*
Here we call the function *f* and say it takes one [parameter](parameter.md) (the "input number") called *x*. The "output number" is defined by the right side of the equation, *x / 2*, i.e. the number output by the function will be half of the parameter (*x*). The domain of this function (the set of all possible numbers that can be taken as input) is the set of [real numbers](real_number.md) and the codomain is also the set of real numbers. This equation assigns each real number *x* another real number *x / 2*, therefore it is a function.
Here we call the function *f* and say it takes one [parameter](parameter.md) (the "input number") called *x*. The "output number" is defined by the right side of the equation, *x / 2*, i.e. the number output by the function will be half of the parameter (*x*). The domain of this function (the set of all possible numbers that can be taken as input) is the set of [real numbers](real_number.md) and the codomain is also the set of real numbers. This equation assigns each real number *x* another real number *x / 2*, therefore it is a function. (In the [C](c.md) programming language this function could be written as `float f(float x) { return x / 2.0; }`.)
Now consider a function *f2(x) = 1 - 1 / x*. Note that in this case the domain is the set of real numbers minus [zero](zero.md); the function can't take zero as an input because we can't divide by zero. The codomain is the set of real numbers minus one because we can't ever get one as a result.
We can naturally write input and output values of a function into a table, here is one for the function we just examined:
| x | f(x) |
| ------- | ------- |
| ... | ... |
| -2 | -1 |
| -1 | -0.5 |
| 0 | 0 |
| 1 | 0.5 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1.5 |
| ... | ... |
And alongside this table we can also draw a plot to get a "graphical view" of our function -- we'll see this further below.
Now consider a function *f2(x) = 1 - 1 / x*. Note that in this case the domain is the set of real numbers minus [zero](zero.md); the function can't take zero as an input because we can't divide by zero. The codomain is the set of real numbers minus one because we can't ever get one as a result. Here is a table:
| x | f2(x) |
| ------- | --------- |
| ... | ... |
| -2 | 1.5 |
| -1 | 2 |
| 0 | undefined |
| 1 | 0 |
| 2 | 0.5 |
| 3 | 0.666... |
| ... | ... |
Another common example of a function is the [sine](sin.md) function that we write as *sin(x)*. It can be defined in several ways, commonly e.g. as follows: considering a [right triangle](right_triangle.md) with one of its angles equal to *x* [radians](radian.md), *sin(x)* is equal to the ratio of the side opposing this angle to the triangle [hypotenuse](hypotenuse.md). For example *sin(pi / 4) = sin(45 degrees) = 1 / sqrt(2) ~= 0.71*. The domain of sine function is again the set of real number but its codomain is only the set of real numbers between -1 and 1 because the ratio of said triangle sides can never be negative or greater than 1, i.e. sine function will never yield a number outside the interval <-1,1>.
@ -26,7 +52,7 @@ The function *g* computes the average of its two parameters, *x* and *y*. Formal
Of course function may also work with just [whole numbers](whole_number.md), also [complex numbers](complex_number.md), [quaternions](quaternion.md) and theoretically just anything crazy like e.g. the set of animals :) However in these "weird" cases we generally no longer use the word *function* but rather something like a *[map](map.md)*. In mathematical terminology we may hear things such as a *real function of a complex parameter* which means a function that takes a complex number as an input and gives a real number result.
To get better overview of a certain function we may try to represent it graphically, most commonly we make function **[plots](plot.md)** also called **graphs**. For a function of a single parameter we draw graphs onto a grid where the horizontal axis represents number line of the parameter (input) and the vertical axis represents the result. For example plotting a function *f(x) = ((x - 1) / 4)^2 + 0.8* may look like this:
To get better overview of a certain function we may try to represent it graphically, most commonly we make function **[plots](plot.md)** also called **graphs**. For a function of a single parameter we draw graphs onto a grid where the horizontal axis represents number line of the parameter (input) and the vertical axis represents the result. Basically we make a table of the function input and output values, like we have seen above, and the pairs of numbers in each row give us coordinates of points we will plot. For example plotting a function *f(x) = ((x - 1) / 4)^2 + 0.8* may look like this:
```
@ -44,12 +70,14 @@ ___,__,__|__,__,_____x
```
This is of course done by plotting various points [*x*,*f(x)*] and connecting them by a line.
If the function is continuous (like here) we also connect the plotted [*x*,*f(x)*] points to create a continuous curve (see also [interpolation](interpolation.md)).
Plotting functions of multiple parameters is more difficult because we need more axes and get to higher [dimensions](dimension.md). For functions of 2 parameters we can draw e.g. a [heightmap](heightmap.md) or create a [3D model](3d_model.md) of the surface which the function defines. 3D functions may in theory be displayed like 2D functions with added time dimension (animated) or as 3D density clouds. For higher dimensions we usually resort to some kind of cross-section or [projection](projection.md) to lower dimensions.
Functions can have certain properties such as:
- being **[continuous](continuous.md)**: A continuous function is, intuitively speaking, a function whose graph is a continuous curve without any holes, i.e. we can plot any part of it with a single stroke.
- being **[discrete](discrete.md)**: Non-continuous function that is defined only in some points, typically on whole number positions (e.g. the function that says how many divisors a whole number has).
- being **[bijective](bijection.md)**: Pairs exactly one element from the domain with one element from codomain and vice versa, i.e. for every result (element of codomain) of the function it is possible to unambiguously say which input created it. For bijective functions we can create **[inverse functions](inverse_function.md)** that reverse the mapping (e.g. [arcus sine](asin.md) is the inverse of a [sin](sin.md) function that's limited to the interval where it is bijective). For example *f(x) = 2 * x* is bijective with its inverse function being *f^(-1)(x) = x / 2*, but *f2(x) = x^2* is not bijective because e.g. both 1 and -1 give the result of 1.
- being an **[even function](even_function.md)**: For this function it holds that *f(x) = f(-x)*, i.e. the plotted function is symmetric by the vertical axis. Example is the [cosine](cos.md) function.
- being an **[odd function](odd_function.md)**: For this function it holds that *-f(x) = f(-x)*, i.e. the plotted function is symmetric by the center point [0,0]. Example is the [sine](sin.md) function.
@ -89,7 +117,7 @@ Functions commonly used in mathematics range from the trivial ones (such as the
In programming the definition of a function is less strict, even though some languages, namely [functional](functional.md) ones, are built around purely mathematical functions -- for distinction we call these strictly mathematical functions **pure**. In traditional languages functions may or may not be pure, a function here normally means a **subprogram** which can take parameters and return a value, just as a mathematical function, but it can further break some of the rules of mathematical functions -- for example it may have so called **[side effects](side_effect.md)**, i.e. performing additional actions besides just returning a number (such as modifying data in memory which can be read by others, printing something to the screen etc.), or use randomness and internal states, i.e. potentially returning different numbers when invoked (called) multiple times with exactly the same arguments. These functions are called **impure**; in programming a *function* without an adjective is implicitly expected to be impure. Thanks to allowing side effects these functions don't have to actually return any value, their purpose may be to just invoke some behavior such as writing something to the screen, initializing some hardware etc. The following piece of code demonstrates this in [C](c.md):
```
int max(int a, int b, int c) // pure function
int max(int a, int b, int c) // pure function, returns the greatest of three numbers
{
return (a > b) ? (a > c ? a : c) : (b > c ? b : c);
}
@ -100,7 +128,7 @@ unsigned int pseudoRandom(unsigned int maxValue) // impure function
{
lastPresudorandomValue = // side effect: working with global variable
lastPresudorandomValue * 7907 + 7;
return (lastPresudorandomValue >> 2) % (maxValue + 1);
}
```

1
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@ -43,6 +43,7 @@ GNU has developed an almost unbelievable amount of software, it has software for
- [GNU Mediagoblin](mediagoblin.md) (decentralized file hosting on the [web](web.md))
- GNU Unifont ([unicode](unicode.md) font)
- [GNU Privacy Guard](gpg.md) (gpg, OpenPGP encryption)
- [GNU Collaborative International Dictionary of English](gcide.md)
- ...
## See Also

1
golang.md
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@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ Go (also golang) is a compiled [programming language](programming_language.md) a
- It has [bloat](bloat.md) such as [garbage collection](garbage_collection.md), built-in [complex number](complex_number.md) type, [concurrency](concurrency.md) and something akin a [package manager](package_manager.md) (*go get/install*).
- It forces a programming style in which an opening function bracket (`{`) can't be on its own line. [LMAO](lmao.md)
- Huge standard library with shit like crypto, image and html.
- It is also slow (at least the tested implementations of course), on benchmarks it performs about a class lower than C/C++.
- ...
Anyway, it at least tries to stay *somewhat* simple in some areas and as such is probably better than other modern languages like [Rust](rust.md). It purposefully omits features such as [generics](generics.md) or static type conversions, which is good.

5
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@ -174,7 +174,8 @@ This is a summary of some main guidelines on how an LRS supporter should behave
- PRO TIP: A great [heuristic](heuristic.md) for making life decisions is to **usually do the exact opposite of what the society tells you to do** -- it works because society only wants to exploit you, so it pushes you towards bad decisions. This doesn't hold always, of course, don't just blindly act in opposites (there may be "double bluffs" also..., but mostly there aren't as most people just follow direct orders), but it's a good decision helper in about 99% cases. For example if society tells you "increase your social media presence", you should really completely leave social media, if it tells you "boost your carrier", you should stop working, if it tells you "go vote", you shouldn't go vote etcetc.
- PRO TIP: **Get yourself [banned](ban.md) on toxic platforms** like [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md), [GitHub](github.md), [Steam](steam.md), [4chan](4chan.md) etcetc., it has many advantages -- you gain [freedom](freedom.md) (no longer having to care about platform you are banned on), the platform loses one user/slave (you), you stop being abused by the platform, it's also [fun](fun.md) (just find some creative way to get banned, possibly cause uprising on the platform, make mods angry and waste their time on cleaning up your mess), it will make you become more self sufficient and you help decentralize the Internet again (can't edit Wikipedia? Just make your own :-]), it will make you find better places, you may also help bring the toxic platform down (others will see the platform utilizes censorship, some may follow you in leaving...) etcetc.
- **Accept [death](death.md)** -- no, don't kill yourself, just accept death will come, maybe tomorrow, maybe in one hour, for you or for anyone you love. Constantly live with thought of death and get comfortable about it, you have to be ready to die at any moment and stop being too adraid of it, then you become really [free](freedom.md). Nowadays most people have panic fear of death which is similar to e.g. having panic phobia of germs -- no one wants go get sick, but if you're so gravely scared of catching any disease, you're enslaved, crippled, your life is limited, you can't do what you'd like to do. With death it's the same: try to live but don't let death scare you so much as to limit you in what you can say or do. Take a look at men who firmly stood behind their beliefs such as [Einstein](einstein.md), Seneca or Socrates, they all accepted death when it came and took it even if they could have avoided it; they are examples of highest mental freedom. Again, do NOT fucking kill yourself, that's a bad idea, just be ready for death and don't get dreadfully scared of it, it's not far away, it is probably just behind the next corner. { Regularly watching gore videos helps with this a bit. ~drummyfish }
-- **Try (almost) everything**: getting experience, even unpleasant one, is good. We won't advise you to try dangerous things so that you can't sue us, but it's not bad to have been through hardships, voluntarily or not. Firstly it helps you build the big picture view -- if you know what it's like to do hard manual work as well as suffer stressful intellectual work, if you know what it's like to feel great physical or mental pain, to be hungry, very fat or skinny, alone, popular and hated, abused and so on, you'll have more empathy, you'll know how people feel and you'll see through probaganda that paints you a distorted picture of what things are like, experience and pain make you wiser and also more loving. Don't risk your health or hurt yourself too much, but maybe don't be scared of taking a blow. Secondly this conveniently makes normies shut up because they can no longer use their favorite arguments (which are invalid but they will still use them) like "u cant citicize this if u havent tried it lolooololol!!!!!" and "loloolol have u even ever done X lol? then u cant talk about it" -- usually normie lives in a world of dichotomies like "you are either an intellectual or work manually", if you've done both his brain just freezes and he's like "ummmm but... but that cant... wait... so u say... mmmm... fuk u i have to go now".
- **Try (almost) everything**: getting experience, even unpleasant one, is good. We won't advise you to try dangerous things so that you can't sue us, but it's not bad to have been through hardships, voluntarily or not. Firstly it helps you build the big picture view -- if you know what it's like to do hard manual work as well as suffer stressful intellectual work, if you know what it's like to feel great physical or mental pain, to be hungry, very fat or skinny, alone, popular and hated, abused and so on, you'll have more empathy, you'll know how people feel and you'll see through probaganda that paints you a distorted picture of what things are like, experience and pain make you wiser and also more loving. Don't risk your health or hurt yourself too much, but maybe don't be scared of taking a blow. Secondly this conveniently makes normies shut up because they can no longer use their favorite arguments (which are invalid but they will still use them) like "u cant citicize this if u havent tried it lolooololol!!!!!" and "loloolol have u even ever done X lol? then u cant talk about it" -- usually normie lives in a world of dichotomies like "you are either an intellectual or work manually", if you've done both his brain just freezes and he's like "ummmm but... but that cant... wait... so u say... mmmm... fuk u i have to go now".
- **If you need to rest then fucking rest**, don't be a [productivist](productivity_cult.md) pussy, take as much time as you need before you feel like doing anything, it's okay.
- ...
### How To Look
@ -202,4 +203,4 @@ Here are links to some other articles that may contain their own *how to*:
- **how to learn [programming](programming.md)**
- **how to learn [3d modeling](3d_model.md)**
- **how to play [chess](chess.md)**
- ...
- ...

15
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@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
# Human Language
Human language is language used mostly by [humans](human.md) to communicate with each other; these languages are very hard to handle by [computers](computer.md) (only quite recently [neural network](neural_net.md) computer programs became able to show true understanding of human language). They are studies by [linguists](linguistics.md). Human languages are most commonly **natural languages**, i.e. ones that evolved naturally over many centuries such as [English](english.md), [Chinese](chinese.md), French or [Latin](latin.md), but there also exist a great number of so called **[constructed languages](conlang.md)** (*conlangs*), i.e. artificially made ones such as [Esperanto](esperanto.md), Interslavic or [Lojban](lojban.md). But all of these are still human languages, different from e.g. [computer languages](computer_language.md) such [C](c.md) or [XML](xml.md). Natural human languages practically always show significant irregularities (exceptions to general rules) while constructed languages typically try to eliminate irregularities as much as possible so as to make them easier to learn, but even a constructed human language is still extremely difficult for a computer to understand.
{ The following is a thought dump made without much research, please inform me if you're a linguist or something and have something enlightening to say, thank you <3 ~drummyfish }
On one hand human languages are cool when viewed from cultural or [artistic](art.md) perspective, they allow us to write poetry, describe feelings and nature around us -- in this way they can be considered [beautiful](beauty.md). However from the perspective of others, e.g. programmers or historians, **human languages are a [nightmare](nightmare.md)**. There is unfortunately an **enormous, inherent curse connected to any human language**, both natural or constructed, that comes from its inevitably [fuzzy](fuzzy.md) nature stemming from fuzziness or real life concepts, it's the problem of **defining [semantics](semantics.md)** of words and constructs. [Syntax](syntax.md) (i.e. the rules that say which sentences are valid and which are not) doesn't pose such a problem, we can quite easily define what's grammatically correct or not (it's not as hard to write a program that checks gramatical correctness), it is semantics (i.e. meanings) that is extremely hard to grasp -- even in rigorous languages (such as mathematical notation or programming languages) semantics is a bit harder to define (quite often still relying on bits of human language), but while in a programming language we are essentially able to define quite EXACTLY what each construct means (e.g. `a + b` returns the sum of values *a* and *b*), in a natural language we are basically never able to do that, we can only ever form fuzzy connections between other fuzzy concepts and we can never have anything fixed.
Due to this fuzziness human languages inevitably change over time no matter how hard we try to counter this, any text written a few thousand years ago is nowadays very hard to understand -- not because the old languages aren't spoken anymore, but because the original meanings of specific words, phrases and constructs are distroted by time; when learning an old language we learn what each word meant by reading its translation to some modern word, but the modern word is always more or less different. Even if it's a very simple word such as "fish", our modern word for fish means a slightly different thing than let's say ancient Roman's word for fish because it had slightly different connotations such as potential references to other things: fish for example used to be the symbol of Christianity, nowadays people don't even commonly make this connection. Some words may have referred to some contemporary "[meme](meme.md)" that's been long forgotten and if some text makes the reference, we won't understand it. While the Spanish word "perro" translates to English as "dog", the meanings aren't the same; English speaking gangsters use the word as a synonym for "friend" but in Spanish the word can be used as an insult so shouting "perro" and "dog" in the street may lead to different images popping up in the heads of those who hear it. How do you describe a word precisely if you can only desribe it with other imprecise words that are changing constantly? No, not even pictures will help -- if you attach the picture of a cat to the word "cat", it's still not clear what it means -- does it stand for only the one cat that's in the picture or all other animals that are similar to the one in the picture? How similar? Is lion a cat? Is a toy cat or cartoon cat a cat? Or does the picture signify that anything with a fur is a cat? Now imagine describing a more abstract term such as *thought*, *number* or *existence*. There is no solid ground, even such essential words as "to want" or "to be" have different meanings between languages ("to be" can stand for "to exist", "to be in a place", "to temporarily have some property", "to permanently have some property" etc.). Even dictionaries admit defeat and are happy with having circular definitions because there aren't any foundations to build upon, circular definitions are inevitable, dictionaries just help you connect fuzzy concepts together. All of this extends to tenses, moods, cases and everything else. This can be very well seen e.g. with people interpreting old texts such as the Bible, for example some say [Jesus](jesus.md) claimed to be the son of God while others reject it, saying that even if he stated the sentence, it actually wasn't meant literally as it was a commonly used phrase that meant something else -- these people will argue about everything and they can comfortably interpret the same text in completely opposite ways. The point is that we just can't know.
This is a grand issue that people often overlook, it sadly allows any word to be twisted by politicians to anything they want, it destroys old knowledge and prevents us from communicating with clarity. This issue is very hard to solve, maybe impossible. It seems that due to the extreme complexity of [real life](irl.md) our language can't operate with precise equations but rather has to settle with concepts that are just fuzzy blobs that our brains -- [neural networks](neural_net.md) in our heads -- learn by trial and error over many years. We learn that if we hear the word *X*, it's best to react by feeling fear or turning our head or closing our eyes etc.
{ The only idea of a solution on how to make a "mathematically precise" human language for real world communication is the following. Firstly make a mathematical model of some artificial world that's similar to ours, for simplicity we can now just consider something like a 2D grid with differently colored cells, i.e. something like a [cellular automaton](cellular_automaton.md). The world changes in steps and each cell can "talk", i.e. at any frame it can emit a text string. Now make a language that's precisely defined in this world; if the world is simple, it's pretty doable e.g. like this: write a function in some programming language that takes the world and check if what the cells are saying classifies as your language used in a correct way within this world (so the function just returns *true/false*, nothing else is needed). Now this single function mathematically defines your language -- by looking at your function's source code anyone can derive the absolutely correct meaning of any word or sentence because he can see how the function checks whether that word of phrase is used correctly, he will know exactly which situations fit given sentence and which don't. Now the final step is only to find correspondence between the real life and your simplified mathematical world, e.g. that cells represent humans and so on (but this will have shortcomings, e.g. our simple world will make it difficult or impossible to talk about body parts since cells have none; also making the connection between the mathematical world and real world relies on intuition). ~drummyfish }

6
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@ -6,4 +6,8 @@ Jargon File (also Hacker's Dictionary) is a computer [hacker](hacking.md) dictio
The work informally states it's in the [public domain](pd.md) and some people have successfully published it commercially, although there is no standard [waiver](waiver.md) or [license](license.md) -- maybe because such waivers didn't really exist at the time it was started -- and so we have to suppose it is NOT formally [free as in freedom](free_culture.md). Nevertheless it is freely accessible e.g. at [Project Gutenberg](gutenberg.md) and no one will bother you if you share it around... we just wouldn't recommend treating it as true public domain.
It is fairly nicely written with high amount of humor and good old political incorrectness, you can for example successfully find the definition of terms such as *[rape](rape.md)* and *clit mouse*. Some other nice terms include *smoke emitting diode* (broken diode), *notwork* (non-functioning [network](network.md)), [Internet Exploiter](internet_explorer.md), *binary four* (giving a finger in binary), *Kamikaze packet* or *Maggotbox* ([Macintosh](mac.md)). At the beginning the book gives some theory about how the hacker terms are formed (overgeneralization, comparatives etc.).
It is fairly nicely written with high amount of humor and good old political incorrectness, you can for example successfully find the definition of terms such as *[rape](rape.md)* and *clit mouse*. Some other nice terms include *smoke emitting diode* (broken diode), *notwork* (non-functioning [network](network.md)), [Internet Exploiter](internet_explorer.md), *binary four* (giving a finger in binary), *Kamikaze packet* or *Maggotbox* ([Macintosh](mac.md)). At the beginning the book gives some theory about how the hacker terms are formed (overgeneralization, comparatives etc.).
## See Also
- [GNU Collaborative International Dictionary of English](gcide.md)

2
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7
often_confused.md
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@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and can many times be used interchang
- **[class](class.md)** vs **[set](set.md)**
- **[closed source](closed_source.md)** vs **[proprietary](proprietary.md)**
- **[CLI](cli.md)** vs **[TUI](tui.md)** vs **[terminal](terminal_emulator.md)** vs **[console](console.md)**
- **[college](college.md)** vs **[university](university.md)**
- **[color model](color_model.md)** vs **[color space](color_space.md)**
- **[communism](communism.md)** vs **[Marxism](marxism.md)** vs **[socialism](socialism.md)**
- **[complex](complexity.md)** vs **[complicated](complicated.md)**
@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and can many times be used interchang
- **[computer science](compsci.md)** vs **[information technology](it.md)** vs **[informatics](informatics.md)** vs **[cybernetics](cybernetics.md)** vs **[computer engineering](computer_engineering.md)** vs **[software engineering](software_engineering.md)**
- **[concurrency](concurrency.md)** vs **[parallelism](parallelism.md)** vs **[quasiparallelism](quasiparallelism.md)** vs **[distribution](distributed.md)**
- **[constant](constant.md)** vs **[literal](literal.md)**
- **[coding](coding.md)** vs **[programming](programming.md)**
- **[coding](coding.md)** vs **[programming](programming.md)** vs **[software engineering](software_engineering.md)**
- **[codec](codec.md)** vs **[container format](container_format.md)**
- **[coherence](coherence.md)** vs **[consistency](consistency.md)**
- **[computational model](computational_model.md)** vs **[model of computation](model_of_computation.md)**
@ -104,3 +105,7 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and can many times be used interchang
- **[webpage](webpage.md)** vs **[website](website.md)**
- **[wrap around](wrap.md)** vs **[overflow](overflow.md)**
- ...
## See Also
- [often misunderstood](often_misunderstood.md)

9
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@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
# Often Misunderstood
WIP
- [anarchism](anarchism.md): Many teenagers (and even a greater number of adults with an intelligence of a teenager) think that anarchism is just "lol let's do anything we want YOLO" philosophy, but the absolutely most retarded thing is to equate anarchy with chaos, capitalism or violence. True anarchism is [socialist](socialism.md), [communist](communism.md), [pacifist](anpac.md), [altruist](altruism.md), anticapitalist and implies complete order.
- [cynicism](cynicism.md): While it's true that cynics see the world very negatively, it's completely false to assume this has to imply that cynics think that's how the world SHOUD be -- normies seem to think that if you accept that the world is a nightmare, you will also embrace this state and support it. That's indeed completely false.
- [free speech](free_speech.md): Idiots think that free speech has some limits or that free speech is just about making laws protecting speech.
- [Unix philosophy](unix_philosophy.md)
- ...

70
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@ -89,41 +89,43 @@ Judging languages may further be complicated by the question of what the languag
Here is a table of notable programming languages in chronological order (keep in mind a language usually has several versions/standards/implementations, this is just an overview).
| language | minimalist/good? | since |~min. selfhos. impl. LOC |spec. (~no stdlib pages)| notes |
| ----------------------- | ---------------- | ----- | ----------------------- | ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|"[assembly](assembly.md)"| **yes but...** | 1947? | | | NOT a single language, non-[portable](portability.md) |
| [Fortran](fortran.md) | **kind of** | 1957 | | 300, proprietary (ISO) | similar to Pascal, compiled, fast, was used by scientists a lot |
| [Lisp](list.md) | **yes** | 1958 | 100 (judg. by jmc lisp) | 1 | elegant, KISS, functional, many variants (Common Lisp, Closure, ...) |
| [Basic](basic.md) | kind of? | 1964 | | | mean both for beginners and professionals, probably efficient |
| [Forth](forth.md) | **yes** | 1970 |100 (judg. by milliforth)| 1 | [stack](stack.md)-based, elegant, very KISS, interpreted and compiled |
| [Pascal](pascal.md) | **kind of** | 1970 | | 80, proprietary (ISO) | like "educational C", compiled, not so bad actually |
| **[C](c.md)** | **kind of** | 1972 | 20K (lcc) | 160, proprietary (ISO) | compiled, fastest, efficient, established, suckless, low-level, #1 lang.|
| [Prolog](prolog.md) | maybe? | 1972 | | | [logic](logic.md) paradigm, hard to learn/use |
|[Smalltalk](smalltalk.md)| **quite yes** | 1972 | | 40, proprietary (ANSI) | PURE (bearable kind of) [OOP](oop.md) language, pretty minimal |
| [C++](cpp.md) | no, bearable | 1982 | | 500, proprietary | bastard child of C, only adds [bloat](bloat.md) ([OOP](oop.md)), "games"|
| [Ada](ada.md) | ??? | 1983 | | | { No idea about this, sorry. ~drummyfish } |
| Object Pascal | no | 1986 | | | Pascal with OOP (like what C++ is to C), i.e. only adds bloat |
| Objective-C | probably not | 1986 | | | kind of C with Smalltalk-style "pure" objects? |
| [Perl](perl.md) | rather not | 1987 | | | interpreted, focused on strings, has kinda cult following |
| [Bash](bash.md) | well | 1989 | | | Unix scripting shell, very ugly syntax, not so elegant but bearable |
| [Haskell](haskell.md) | **kind of** | 1990 | | 150, proprietary | [functional](functional.md), compiled, acceptable |
| [Python](python.md) | NO | 1991 | | 200? (p. lang. ref.) | interpreted, huge bloat, slow, lightweight OOP, artificial obsolescence |
| POSIX [shell](shell.md) | well, "kind of" | 1992 | | 50, proprietary (paid) | standardized (std 1003.2-1992) Unix shell, commonly e.g. [Bash](bash.md)|
|[Brainfuck](brainfuck.md)| **yes** | 1993 | 100 (judg. by dbfi) | 1 | extremely minimal (8 commands), hard to use, [esolang](esolang.md) |
| [FALSE](false.md) | **yes** | 1993 | | 1 | very small yet powerful, Forth-like, similar to Brainfuck |
| [Lua](lua.md) | **quite yes** | 1993 | 7K (LuaInLua) | 40, free | small, interpreted, mainly for scripting (used a lot in games) |
| [Java](java.md) | NO | 1995 | | 800, proprietary | forced [OOP](oop.md), "platform independent" (bytecode), slow, bloat |
| [JavaScript](js.md) | NO | 1995 | 50K (est. from QuickJS) | 500, proprietary? | interpreted, the [web](web.md) lang., bloated, classless [OOP](oop.md) |
| [PHP](php.md) | no | 1995 | | 120 (by Google), CC0 | server-side web lang., OOP |
| [Ruby](ruby.md) | no | 1995 | | | similar to Python |
| [C#](c_sharp.md) | NO | 2000 | | | proprietary (yes it is), extremely bad lang. owned by Micro$oft, AVOID |
| [D](d.md) | no | 2001 | | | some expansion/rework of C++? OOP, generics etcetc. |
| [Rust](rust.md) | NO! lol | 2006 | | 0 :D | extremely bad, slow, freedom issues, toxic community, no standard, AVOID|
| [Go](go.md) | **kind of** | 2009 | | 130, proprietary? | "successor to C" but not well executed, bearable but rather avoid |
| [LIL](lil.md) | **yes** | 2010? | | | not known too much but nice, "everything's a string" |
| [uxntal](uxn.md) | **yes** but SJW | 2021 | 400 (official) | 2? (est.), proprietary | assembly lang. for a minimalist virtual machine, PROPRIETARY SPEC. |
| **[comun](comun.md)** | **yes** | 2022 | < 3K | 2, CC0 | "official" [LRS](lrs.md) language, WIP, similar to Forth |
| language | minimalist/good? | since | speed | mem. | ~min. selfhos. impl. LOC |spec. (~no stdlib pages)| notes |
| ----------------------- | ---------------- | ----- | ------- | -------- | ------------------------ | ---------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- |
|"[assembly](assembly.md)"| **yes but...** | 1947? | | | | | NOT a single language, non-[portable](portability.md) |
| [Fortran](fortran.md) | **kind of** | 1957 | 1.95 (G)| 7.15 (G) | | 300, proprietary (ISO) | similar to Pascal, compiled, fast, was used by scientists a lot |
| [Lisp](list.md) | **yes** | 1958 | 3.29 (G)| 18 (G) | 100 (judg. by jmc lisp) | 1 | elegant, KISS, functional, many variants (Common Lisp, Closure, ...) |
| [Basic](basic.md) | kind of? | 1964 | | | | | mean both for beginners and professionals, probably efficient |
| [Forth](forth.md) | **yes** | 1970 | | | 100 (judg. by milliforth)| 1 | [stack](stack.md)-based, elegant, very KISS, interpreted and compiled |
| [Pascal](pascal.md) | **kind of** | 1970 | 5.26 (G)| 2.11 (G) | | 80, proprietary (ISO) | like "educational C", compiled, not so bad actually |
| **[C](c.md)** | **kind of** | 1972 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 20K (lcc) | 160, proprietary (ISO) | compiled, fastest, efficient, established, suckless, low-level, #1 lang.|
| [Prolog](prolog.md) | maybe? | 1972 | | | | | [logic](logic.md) paradigm, hard to learn/use |
|[Smalltalk](smalltalk.md)| **quite yes** | 1972 | 47 (G) | 41 (G) | | 40, proprietary (ANSI) | PURE (bearable kind of) [OOP](oop.md) language, pretty minimal |
| [C++](cpp.md) | no, bearable | 1982 | 1.18 (G)| 1.27 (G) | | 500, proprietary | bastard child of C, only adds [bloat](bloat.md) ([OOP](oop.md)), "games"|
| [Ada](ada.md) | ??? | 1983 | | | | | { No idea about this, sorry. ~drummyfish } |
| Object Pascal | no | 1986 | | | | | Pascal with OOP (like what C++ is to C), i.e. only adds bloat |
| Objective-C | probably not | 1986 | | | | | kind of C with Smalltalk-style "pure" objects? |
| [Perl](perl.md) | rather not | 1987 | 77 (G) | 8.64 (G) | | | interpreted, focused on strings, has kinda cult following |
| [Bash](bash.md) | well | 1989 | | | | | Unix scripting shell, very ugly syntax, not so elegant but bearable |
| [Haskell](haskell.md) | **kind of** | 1990 | 5.02 (G)| 8.71 (G) | | 150, proprietary | [functional](functional.md), compiled, acceptable |
| [Python](python.md) | NO | 1991 | 45 (G) | 7.74 (G) | | 200? (p. lang. ref.) | interpreted, huge bloat, slow, lightweight OOP, artificial obsolescence |
| POSIX [shell](shell.md) | well, "kind of" | 1992 | | | | 50, proprietary (paid) | standardized (std 1003.2-1992) Unix shell, commonly e.g. [Bash](bash.md)|
|[Brainfuck](brainfuck.md)| **yes** | 1993 | | | 100 (judg. by dbfi) | 1 | extremely minimal (8 commands), hard to use, [esolang](esolang.md) |
| [FALSE](false.md) | **yes** | 1993 | | | | 1 | very small yet powerful, Forth-like, similar to Brainfuck |
| [Lua](lua.md) | **quite yes** | 1993 | 91 (G) | 5.17 (G) | 7K (LuaInLua) | 40, free | small, interpreted, mainly for scripting (used a lot in games) |
| [Java](java.md) | NO | 1995 | 2.75 (G)| 21.48 (G)| | 800, proprietary | forced [OOP](oop.md), "platform independent" (bytecode), slow, bloat |
| [JavaScript](js.md) | NO | 1995 | 8.30 (G)| 105 (G) | 50K (est. from QuickJS) | 500, proprietary? | interpreted, the [web](web.md) lang., bloated, classless [OOP](oop.md) |
| [PHP](php.md) | no | 1995 | 23 (G) | 6.73 (G) | | 120 (by Google), CC0 | server-side web lang., OOP |
| [Ruby](ruby.md) | no | 1995 | 122 (G) | 8.57 (G) | | | similar to Python |
| [C#](c_sharp.md) | NO | 2000 | 4.04 (G)| 26 (G) | | | proprietary (yes it is), extremely bad lang. owned by Micro$oft, AVOID |
| [D](d.md) | no | 2001 | | | | | some expansion/rework of C++? OOP, generics etcetc. |
| [Rust](rust.md) | NO! lol | 2006 | 1.64 (G)| 3.33 (G) | | 0 :D | extremely bad, slow, freedom issues, toxic community, no standard, AVOID|
| [Go](go.md) | **kind of** | 2009 | 4.71 (G)| 5.20 (G) | | 130, proprietary? | "successor to C" but not well executed, bearable but rather avoid |
| [LIL](lil.md) | **yes** | 2010? | | | | | not known too much but nice, "everything's a string" |
| [uxntal](uxn.md) | **yes** but SJW | 2021 | | | 400 (official) | 2? (est.), proprietary | assembly lang. for a minimalist virtual machine, PROPRIETARY SPEC. |
| **[comun](comun.md)** | **yes** | 2022 | | | < 3K | 2, CC0 | "official" [LRS](lrs.md) language, WIP, similar to Forth |
NOTE on performance data: the `speed`/`mem.` column says a benchmarked estimate running time/memory consumption of the best case (best compiler, best run, ...) relateive to C (i.e. "how many times the language is worse than C"). The data may come from various sources, for example the *[The Computer Language Benchmark Game](https://sschakraborty.github.io/benchmark/task-descriptions.html)* (G), own measurement (O) etc.
TODO: add "relative speed" column, make some kinda benchmark program and say how many times each languages is slower than C
TODO: Tcl, Rebol

2
python.md
View file

@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
Python (name being a reference to Monty Python) is an exceptionally [bloated](bloat.md), extremely popular [high level](abstraction.md) [interpreted](interpreter.md) [programming language](programming_language.md). Its priority is readability and making it easy and fast to bash together some code for anyone with at least one brain hemisphere, so it is eminently popular among beginners, children, [women](woman.md), non-programmers such as scientists and unqualified [soydevs](soydev.md) who can't handle real languages like [C](c.md). Python [just werks](just_werks.md) and is comfortable, but any program written in it is doomed to be bloated, slow, ugly, big and will unavoidably die without [maintenance](maintenance.md) for Python's updates purposefully break [backwards compatibility](backwards_compatibility.md). At this moment it is the language most frequently used for programming "neural net [AI](ai.md)s".
**Python is extremely slow**, even much slower than [JavaScript](javascript.md) and [PHP](php.md) (according to *Computer Language Benchmarks Game*). If you want to make your python programs faster, use the *PyPy* implementation over the default *CPython*.
Python was conceived in 1991 by a Dutchman Guido van Rossum who announced it on [Usenet](usenet.md). Version 1.0 was released in 1994 and version 2.0 in 2000. A very important version was 2.7 released in 2010 -- this was used and supported for a long time but the support was ended in 2020 in favor of Python 3. As of writing this the latest version is 3.9.
**Can [we](lrs.md) use python?** There are certain use cases for it, mostly writing [throwaway scripts](throwaway_script.md) and other quick, temporary code. Python can easily help you get into programming as well, so it may well serve as an educational language, however be sure to transition to a better language later on. Remember, **python mustn't ever be used for a serious program**.

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127
wiki_stats.md
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@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
This is an autogenerated article holding stats about this wiki.
- number of articles: 572
- number of commits: 764
- total size of all texts in bytes: 3598004
- total number of lines of article texts: 28028
- number of commits: 765
- total size of all texts in bytes: 3604817
- total number of lines of article texts: 28041
- number of script lines: 262
- occurences of the word "person": 8
- occurences of the word "nigger": 72
@ -24,10 +24,10 @@ longest articles:
- [3d_model](3d_model.md): 40K
- [bloat](bloat.md): 36K
- [internet](internet.md): 36K
- [programming_language](programming_language.md): 32K
- [3d_rendering](3d_rendering.md): 32K
- [random_page](random_page.md): 32K
- [game](game.md): 32K
- [programming_language](programming_language.md): 32K
- [history](history.md): 32K
- [optimization](optimization.md): 28K
- [mechanical](mechanical.md): 28K
@ -35,60 +35,76 @@ longest articles:
top 50 5+ letter words:
- which (2064)
- there (1565)
- people (1359)
- other (1126)
- example (1086)
- which (2067)
- there (1569)
- people (1361)
- other (1130)
- example (1092)
- software (1042)
- number (997)
- about (932)
- program (839)
- their (775)
- called (723)
- because (705)
- computer (701)
- would (700)
- number (1000)
- about (938)
- program (844)
- their (779)
- called (725)
- because (711)
- computer (703)
- would (702)
- simple (683)
- being (669)
- numbers (668)
- things (659)
- language (652)
- being (672)
- numbers (670)
- things (658)
- language (654)
- without (629)
- programming (619)
- function (614)
- something (601)
- however (590)
- something (602)
- however (591)
- these (583)
- different (573)
- system (538)
- world (535)
- should (529)
- games (529)
- point (519)
- doesn (507)
- different (575)
- system (540)
- world (536)
- games (532)
- should (530)
- point (521)
- doesn (508)
- society (505)
- though (496)
- though (493)
- memory (489)
- drummyfish (474)
- while (471)
- using (468)
- course (458)
- drummyfish (475)
- while (474)
- using (469)
- course (459)
- still (456)
- technology (455)
- similar (451)
- simply (443)
- similar (450)
- simply (442)
- possible (441)
- https (428)
- really (410)
- https (429)
- really (411)
- computers (401)
- extremely (398)
- usually (396)
- extremely (397)
- usually (395)
- value (394)
latest changes:
```
Date: Fri Apr 12 14:21:12 2024 +0200
comment.md
czechia.md
exercises.md
gay.md
how_to.md
jokes.md
living.md
marxism.md
minesweeper.md
programming_language.md
random_page.md
right.md
wiki_pages.md
wiki_stats.md
wikipedia.md
Date: Thu Apr 11 18:01:06 2024 +0200
czechia.md
exercises.md
@ -106,21 +122,6 @@ Date: Tue Apr 9 21:36:40 2024 +0200
computer.md
czechia.md
exercises.md
game.md
minesweeper.md
people.md
random_page.md
sudoku.md
wiki_pages.md
wiki_stats.md
wiki_style.md
Date: Sun Apr 7 20:25:34 2024 +0200
ancap.md
exercises.md
lrs_dictionary.md
random_page.md
wiki_pages.md
wiki_stats.md
```
most wanted pages:
@ -148,8 +149,8 @@ most wanted pages:
most popular and lonely pages:
- [lrs](lrs.md) (270)
- [capitalism](capitalism.md) (202)
- [lrs](lrs.md) (271)
- [capitalism](capitalism.md) (203)
- [c](c.md) (201)
- [bloat](bloat.md) (198)
- [free_software](free_software.md) (163)
@ -157,13 +158,13 @@ most popular and lonely pages:
- [suckless](suckless.md) (131)
- [proprietary](proprietary.md) (114)
- [kiss](kiss.md) (92)
- [modern](modern.md) (87)
- [computer](computer.md) (87)
- [modern](modern.md) (88)
- [computer](computer.md) (88)
- [minimalism](minimalism.md) (86)
- [linux](linux.md) (86)
- [programming](programming.md) (79)
- [programming](programming.md) (80)
- [free_culture](free_culture.md) (79)
- [fun](fun.md) (77)
- [fun](fun.md) (78)
- [math](math.md) (76)
- [gnu](gnu.md) (76)
- [public_domain](public_domain.md) (74)
@ -171,7 +172,7 @@ most popular and lonely pages:
- [censorship](censorship.md) (74)
- [programming_language](programming_language.md) (70)
- [hacking](hacking.md) (70)
- [fight_culture](fight_culture.md) (68)
- [fight_culture](fight_culture.md) (69)
- [art](art.md) (68)
- [shit](shit.md) (67)
- [less_retarded_society](less_retarded_society.md) (67)

4
wikipedia.md
View file

@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Information about hardware and software used by Wikimedia Foundation can be foun
Wikipedia was created by [Jimmy Wales](jimmy_wales.md) and [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md) and was launched on 15 January 2001. The basic idea actually came from Ben Kovitz, a user of [wikiwikiweb](wikiwikiweb.md), who proposed it to Sanger. Wikipedia was made as a complementary project alongside [Nupedia](nupedia.md), an earlier encyclopedia by Wales and Sanger to which only verified experts could contribute. Wikipedia of course has shown to be a much more successful project.
There exist [forks](fork.md) and alternatives to Wikipedia. Simple English Wikipedia can offer a simpler alternative to sometimes overly complicated articles on the main English Wikipedia. [Citizendium](citizendium.md) is a similar online encyclopedia co-founded by [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md), a co-founder of Wikipedia itself, which is however [proprietary](proprietary.md) ([NC](nc.md) license). Citizendium's goal is to improve on some weak points of Wikipedia such as its reliability or quality of writing. [Justapedia](justapedia.md) is a recently spawned Wikipedia fork. [Metapedia](metapedia.md) and [Infogalactic](infogalactic.md) are a Wikipedia forks that are written from a more [rightist](left_right.md)/neutral point of view. [Infogalactic](infogalactic) is also a Wikipedia fork that tries to remove the [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) bullshit etc. Encyclopedia Britannica can also be used as a nice resource: its older versions are already [public domain](public_domain.md) and can be found e.g. at [Project Gutenberg](gutenberg.md), and there is also a modern online version of Britannica which is [proprietary](proprietary.md) (and littered with ads) but has pretty good articles even on modern topics (of course facts you find there are in the public domain). Practically for any specialized topic it is nowadays possible to find its own wiki on the Internet.
There exist [forks](fork.md) and alternatives to Wikipedia. Simple English Wikipedia can offer a simpler alternative to sometimes overly complicated articles on the main English Wikipedia. [Citizendium](citizendium.md) is a similar online encyclopedia co-founded by [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md), a co-founder of Wikipedia itself, which is however [proprietary](proprietary.md) ([NC](nc.md) license). Citizendium's goal is to improve on some weak points of Wikipedia such as its reliability or quality of writing. GNU Collaborative International Dictionary of English ([GCIDE](gcide.md)) is a large dictionary made by the [GNU](gnu.md) project (forked from old Webster's dictionary with new terms added). [Justapedia](justapedia.md) is a recently spawned Wikipedia fork. [Metapedia](metapedia.md) and [Infogalactic](infogalactic.md) are a Wikipedia forks that are written from a more [rightist](left_right.md)/neutral point of view. [Infogalactic](infogalactic) is also a Wikipedia fork that tries to remove the [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) bullshit etc. Encyclopedia Britannica can also be used as a nice resource: its older versions are already [public domain](public_domain.md) and can be found e.g. at [Project Gutenberg](gutenberg.md), and there is also a modern online version of Britannica which is [proprietary](proprietary.md) (and littered with ads) but has pretty good articles even on modern topics (of course facts you find there are in the public domain). Practically for any specialized topic it is nowadays possible to find its own wiki on the Internet.
Important thing to realize is that, like most mainstream projects do, Wikipedia is not merely an [encyclopedia](encyclopedia.md) -- no, it's also a self-proclaimed child protector, Internet state, a center for [fighting](fight_culture.md) for women rights, [language police](political_correctness.md), a community, an organization for empowering black disabled lesbians and delivering [justice](justice.md). Did you ever wish your encyclopedia was your own private cop that told you which books are approved and prevented you from reading the bad ones? That with a book in your pocket you'd be actually constantly carrying around a community of diverse black fat trans editors ready to rewrite your book according to latest trends? That it would protect you from bad opinions, snapped your fingers and yelled `<CHILD PROTECT>` whenever you looked at a child picture for too long? Like your toothbrush is actually a subscription software with internet browser and remote camera, Wikipedia is a living, breathing entity that will decide what's best for you, without you having to think. Books that just provide information are so 20th century bro.
@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ There are many interesting and entertaining pages and articles on Wikipedia, som
## Alternatives
Due to the corruption and increasing censorship of Wikipedia it is important to look for alternatives that are important especially when researching anything connected to politics, but also when you just want a simpler, more condensed or simply better written explanation of some topic. There exist other similar online encyclopedias like [Metapedia](metapedia.md), [Infogalactic](infogalactic.md), [Citizendium](citizendium.md), [Leftypedia](leftypedia.md), New World Encyclopedia, [Justapedia](justapedia.md), HandWiki or Britannica online, as well as dozens of printed encyclopedias and old digitized encyclopedias like Britannica 11th edition. For a more comprehensive list of Wikipedia alternatives see the article on [encyclopedias](encyclopedia.md). Many people are actively criticizing Wikipedia and want to diminish its power, among whom is one of Wikipedia's founders, [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md), who established [encyclosphere](encyclosphere.md), a project that tries to connect together various Internet encyclopedias -- this may be another place to look for Wikipedia alternatives. Anyway the moral of the story here is probably to not rely on a single encyclopedia, as we see where that leads. Read more sources and different points of view.
Due to the corruption and increasing censorship of Wikipedia it is important to look for alternatives that are important especially when researching anything connected to politics, but also when you just want a simpler, more condensed or simply better written explanation of some topic. There exist other similar online encyclopedias like [Metapedia](metapedia.md), [Infogalactic](infogalactic.md), [Citizendium](citizendium.md), [Leftypedia](leftypedia.md), [GCIDE](gcide.md), New World Encyclopedia, [Justapedia](justapedia.md), HandWiki or Britannica online, as well as dozens of printed encyclopedias and old digitized encyclopedias like Britannica 11th edition. For a more comprehensive list of Wikipedia alternatives see the article on [encyclopedias](encyclopedia.md). Many people are actively criticizing Wikipedia and want to diminish its power, among whom is one of Wikipedia's founders, [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md), who established [encyclosphere](encyclosphere.md), a project that tries to connect together various Internet encyclopedias -- this may be another place to look for Wikipedia alternatives. Anyway the moral of the story here is probably to not rely on a single encyclopedia, as we see where that leads. Read more sources and different points of view.
{ See also old Wikipedia at https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race. ~drummyfish }

2
woman.md
View file

@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ Supposed "achievements" of women after circa 2010 can't be taken seriously, [pro
Of course, [LRS](lrs.md) loves all living beings equally, even women. In order to truly love someone we have to be aware of their true nature so that we can truly love them, despite all imperfections.
**Is there even anything women are better at than men?** Well, women seem for example more peaceful or at least less violent on average (feminism of course sees this as a "weakness" and tries to change it), though they seem to be e.g. more passive-aggressive. Nevertheless there have been a few successful queens in history, women can sometimes perhaps be good in representative roles (and other simple chair-sitting jobs), in being a "symbol", which doesn't require much of any skill (a statue of a god can do the same job really). They have also evolved to perform the tasks of housekeeping and care taking at which they may excel (still it seems that if men fully focus on a specific task, they will beat women, for example the best cooks in the world are men). Sometimes women may be preferable exactly for not being as "rough" as men, e.g. as singers, therapists, sex workers etc. There were also some good English female writers actually, like Agatha Christie and J. K. Rowling, though that's still pretty weak compared to Hemingway, Goethe, Tolkien, Tolstoy, Shakespeare, Dickens, Dostoevsky etcetc.
**Is there even anything women are better at than men?** Well, women seem for example more peaceful or at least less violent on average (feminism of course sees this as a "weakness" and tries to change it), though they seem to be e.g. more passive-aggressive. Nevertheless there have been a few successful queens in history, women can sometimes perhaps be good in representative roles (and other simple chair-sitting jobs), in being a "symbol", which doesn't require much of any skill (a statue of a god can do the same job really). They have also evolved to perform the tasks of housekeeping and care taking at which they may excel, but still it seems that if men fully focus on a specific task, they will beat women at anything, for example the best cooks in the world are men (in Japan it is common knowledge that sushi made by women is not as good because their hands are too warm). Sometimes women may be preferable exactly for not being as "rough" as men, e.g. as singers, therapists, sex workers etc. There were also some good English female writers actually, like Agatha Christie and J. K. Rowling, though that's still pretty weak compared to Hemingway, Goethe, Tolkien, Tolstoy, Shakespeare, Dickens, Dostoevsky etcetc.
lol http://www.menarebetterthanwomen.com
also https://encyclopediadramatica.online/Woman :D