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Miloslav Ciz 2024-03-08 16:56:58 +01:00
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computer.md
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@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Computers we normally talk about in daily conversations are [electronic](electro
Such a computer consists of some kind of [case](case.md) (chassis), internal [hardware](hardware.md) plus [peripheral devices](peripheral.md) that serve for [input and output](io.md) -- these are for example a [keyboard](keyboard.md) and [mouse](mouse.md) (input devices), a [monitor](monitor.md) (output device) or [harddisk](hdd.md) (input/output device). The internals of the computer normally include:
- **[motherboard](motherboard.md)**: The main electronic circuit of the computer into which other components are plugged and which creates the network and interfaces that interconnect them (a [chipset](chipset.md)). It contains slots for expansion cards as well as connectors for external devices, e.g. [USB](usb.md). In a small memory on the board there is the most basic software ([firmaware](firmware.md)), such as [BIOS](bios.md), to e.g. enable installation of other software. The board also carries the [clock](clock.md) generator for synchronization of all hardware, heat sensors etc.
- **[motherboard](motherboard.md)**: The main electronic circuit of the computer into which other components are plugged and which creates the network and interfaces that interconnect them (a [chipset](chipset.md)). It contains slots for expansion cards as well as connectors for external devices, e.g. [USB](usb.md). In a small memory on the board there is the most basic software ([firmware](firmware.md)), such as [BIOS](bios.md), to e.g. enable installation of other software. The board also carries the [clock](clock.md) generator for synchronization of all hardware, heat sensors etc.
- **[CPU](cpu.md)** (central processing unit): Core of the computer, the chip plugged into motherboard that performs general calculations and which runs [programs](program.md), i.e. [software](sw.md).
- **[RAM](ram.md)/working memory/main memory**: Lower capacity volatile (temporary, erased when powered off) working memory of the computer, plugged into motherboard. It is used as a "pen and paper" by the CPU when performing calculations.
- **[disk](disk.md)**: [Non-volatile](volatile.md) (persisting when powered off) large capacity memory for storing [files](file.md) and other [data](data.md), connected to the motherboard via some kind of [bus](bus.md). Different types of disks exist, most commonly [hard disks](hdd.md) and [SSDs](ssd.md).
@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ Here is a list of notable computers.
| Antikythera mechanism | -125 | ~30 gears, largest with 223 teeth | 1st known analog comp., by Greeks (mechanical) |
| [slide rule](slide_rule.md) | 1620 | | simple tool for multiplication and division |
| Shickard's calculating clock | 1623 | 17 wheels | 1st known calculator, could multiply, add and sub.|
| [Arithmometer](arithmometer.md) | 1820 | 6 digit numebrs | 1st commercial calculator (add, sub., mult.) |
| [Arithmometer](arithmometer.md) | 1820 | 6 digit numbers | 1st commercial calculator (add, sub., mult.) |
| Difference Engine | 1822 | 8 digit numbers, 24 axles, 96 wheels | mech. digital comp. of polynomials, by Babbage |
| Analytical Engine design | 1837 | ~16K RAM, 40 digit numbers | 1st general purpose comp, not realized, by Babbage|
| [nomogram](nomogram.md) | 1884 | | graphical/geometrical tools aiding computation |
@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Here is a list of notable computers.
| [ZX Spectrum](zx_spectrum.md) | 1982 | 128K RAM, CPU 3.5MHz 8bit, 256x192 screen | successful UK TV-connected home comp. by Sinclair |
| [NES](nes.md)/Famicom | 1983 | 2K RAM, 2K VRAM, CPU 1.7MHz 8bit, PPU | TV-connected Nintendo game console |
| [Macintosh](macintosh.md) | 1984 | 128K RAM, CPU 7MHz 32bit, floppy, 512x342 | very popular personal computer by Apple |
| [Amiga](amiga.md) | 1985 | 256K RAM, 256K ROM, CPU 7MHz 16bit, AmigaOS | personal compuer by Commodore, ahead of its time |
| [Amiga](amiga.md) | 1985 | 256K RAM, 256K ROM, CPU 7MHz 16bit, AmigaOS | personal computer by Commodore, ahead of its time |
| [NeXT](next.md) | 1988 | 8M RAM, 256M drive, CPU 25MHz 32bit, NeXTSTEP OS | famous workstation, used e.g. for Doom dev. |
| [SNES](snes.md) | 1990 | 128K RAM, 64K VRAM, CPU 21MHz 16bit | game console, NES successor |
| [PlayStation](playstation.md) | 1994 | 2M RAM, 1M VRAM, CPU 33MHz 32bit, CD-ROM | popular TV-connected game console by Sony |