diff --git a/bloat.md b/bloat.md index b340538..d358f69 100644 --- a/bloat.md +++ b/bloat.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ TODO: history of bloat? The issue of bloat may of course appear outside of the strict boundaries of computer technology, nowadays we may already observe e.g. **[science bloat](science_bloat.md)** -- science is becoming so overcomplicated (many times on purpose, e.g. by means of [bullshit](bullshit.md) science) that 99% people can NOT understand it, they have to BELIEVE "scientific authorities", which does not at all differ from the dangerous blind religious behavior. Any time a new paper comes out, chances are that not even SCIENTISTS from the same field but with a different specialization will understand it in depth and have to simply trust its results. This combined with self-interest obsessed society gives rise to [soyence](soyence.md) and large scale brainwashing and spread of "science approved" propaganda. -Some metrics traditionally used to measure bloat include **[lines of source code](loc.md)**, **[cyclomatic complexity](cyclomatic_complexity.md)** (kind of "number of ways the code may take"), **[programming language](programming_language.md) used** (some languages are bloated themselves and inherently incapable of producing non-bloat, also choice of language indicates the developer's priorities, skills etc.), **number of [dependencies](dependency.md)** (packages, libraries, hardware, ...), **binary size** (size of the compiled program), **compile time**, **resource usage** ([RAM](ram.md), CPU, network usage, ...), **performance** ([FPS](fps.md), responsiveness, ...), **anti features** ([GUI](gui.md), [DRM](drm.md), auto updates, file formats such as [XML](xml.md), ...), [portability](portability.md), number of implementations, size of specification, number of developers and others. Some have attempted to measure bloat in more sophisticated ways, e.g. the famous *web bloat score* (https://www.webbloatscore.com/) measures bloat of websites as its total size divided by the page screenshot size (e.g. [YouTube](youtube.md) at 18.5 vs suckless.org at 0.386). It has been observed that **software gets slower faster than hardware gets faster**, which is now known as [Wirth's law](wirths_law.md); this follows from [Moore's law](moores_law.md) (speed of hardware doubles every 24 months) being weaker than [Gate's](bill_gates.law) law (speed of software halves every 18 months); or in other words: the stupidity of [soydevs](soydev.md) outpaces the brilliancy of geniuses. +Some metrics traditionally used to measure bloat include **[lines of source code](loc.md)**, **[cyclomatic complexity](cyclomatic_complexity.md)** (kind of "number of ways the code may take"), **[programming language](programming_language.md) used** (some languages are bloated themselves and inherently incapable of producing non-bloat, also choice of language indicates the developer's priorities, skills etc.), **number of [dependencies](dependency.md)** (packages, libraries, hardware, ...), **binary size** (size of the compiled program), **compile time**, **resource usage** ([RAM](ram.md), CPU, network usage, ...), **performance** ([FPS](fps.md), responsiveness, ...), **anti features** ([GUI](gui.md), [DRM](drm.md), auto updates, file formats such as [XML](xml.md), ...), [portability](portability.md), number of implementations, size of specification, number of developers and others. Some have attempted to measure bloat in more sophisticated ways, e.g. the famous *web bloat score* (https://www.webbloatscore.com/) measures bloat of websites as its total size divided by the page screenshot size (e.g. [YouTube](youtube.md) at 18.5 vs suckless.org at 0.386). It has been observed that **software gets slower faster than hardware gets faster**, which is now known as [Wirth's law](wirths_law.md); this follows from [Moore's law](moores_law.md) (speed of hardware doubles every 24 months) being weaker than [Gate's](bill_gates.md) law (speed of software halves every 18 months); or in other words: the stupidity of [soydevs](soydev.md) outpaces the brilliancy of geniuses. Despite this there isn't any completely objective measure that would say "this software has exactly X % of bloat", bloat is something judged based on what we need/want, what tradeoffs we prefer etc. The answer to "how much bloat" there is depends on the answer to **"what really is bloat?"**. To answer this question most accurately we can't limit ourselves to simplifications such as [lines of code](loc.md) or number of package dependencies -- though these are very good estimates for most practical purposes, a more accurate insight is obtained by carefully asking what *burdens* and *difficulties* of ANY kind come with given technology, and also whether and how much of a necessary evil they are. Realize for example that if your software doesn't technically require package X to run or be compiled, package X may be [de facto](de_facto.md) required for your software to exist and work (e.g. a pure multiplayer game client won't have the server as a dependency, but it will be useless without a server, so de facto all bloat present in the server is now in a wider sense also the client's burden). So if you've found a program that's short and uses no libraries, you still have to check whether the language it is written in isn't bloated itself, whether the program relies on running on a complex platform that cannot be implemented without bloat, whether some highly complex piece of hardware (e.g. [GPU](gpu.md) or 8GB of [RAM](ram.md)) is required, whether it relies on some complex Internet service etc. You can probably best judge the amount of bloat most objectively by asking the following: if our current technology instantly disappeared, how hard would it be to make this piece of technology work again? This will inevitably lead you to investigating how hard it would be to implement all the dependencies etc. diff --git a/censorship.md b/censorship.md index c576d5e..2b396c9 100644 --- a/censorship.md +++ b/censorship.md @@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ Censorship is so frequent that it's hard to give just a short list of examples, - Broadcasts of [football](football.md) matches on TV usually censor crazy fans that run on the pitch and cause [lulz](lulz.md), the camera just pans on something uninteresting until the security catches the guy, denying probably the most [funny](fun.md) and interesting moments of the match to thousands, maybe even millions of viewers. This is done because the broadcasters are [faggots](gay.md) who dislike fun. - So called "right to be forgotten" is a part of [privacy](privacy.md) hysteria and a form of extreme censorship that demands you shall for example smash your head with a hammer until you forget something that someone else feels uncomfortable about. No, this is not a [joke](jokes.md), some people in [21st century](21st_century.md) seriously demand this. - [Cloudflare](cloudflare.md), the company that's starting to control the whole [web](www.md), is abusing its power to censor sites it just doesn't like, for example [Kiwifarms](kiwifarms.md) (you can view these sites using e.g. internet archive). +- [ChatGPT](chatgpt.md) and other AI chatbots are extremely censored, they refuse to talk about certain topics and/or have special mechanisms programmed in to not say for example politically incorrect truth. - State secrets are censored, usually even by murdering people who just know the secrets. - ... diff --git a/consumerism.md b/consumerism.md index 5fad724..67b4fac 100644 --- a/consumerism.md +++ b/consumerism.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Consumerism -Consumerism is [cancer](cancer.md) of society created by [capitalism](capitalism.md), it is the societal tendency towards and force established [culture](culture.md) of making members of society into mere slaves that have to constantly keep consuming products and services just for the sake of keeping bullshit businesses running. Consumers have to stand with open mouths at the end of [producer](productivity_cult.md) asses that are constantly shitting out new and new excrement, and this process must never stop. This soon degenerates into such things as **[artificial scarcity](artificial_scarcity.md)** and **[planned obsolescence](planned_obsolescence.md)**, things that could last long must be made so that they will NOT last long, they must break soon so that the user has to consume a new one periodically, just like he consumes food, because that's what makes the [corporation](corporation.md) most money. So people are consuming computers, cars, swimming pools, cell phones, doctors, political drama, healthcare, things that make them sick, thing that make them healthy again, and so on and so forth. Even things that could be made to last long, such as buildings, or even forever, such as discovered [information](information.md) -- e.g. old books -- are artificially killed (for example using [copyright](copyright.md)), so that new ones have to be made so that people can keep having [jobs](work.md) and be miserable and don't have to lie on the beach and be happy. Businesses that would want to create non-consumerist products cannot exist -- a business that sells a thing that lasts 100 years will have to wait 100 years to sell another one, so naturally there is no chance for it to survive among those that make it so that they're selling the same thing each half a year, that's why consumerism in capitalism is unavoidable: it simply pays off, it makes the company rich and the richer company survives. Of course this is all pure [bullshit](bullshit.md) that wastes lives of people, makes them miserable consuming machines that get depressed and commit suicides, while also creating enormous amounts of waste that are destroying the environment, just capitalism as usual. Under consumerism your life is expected to go like this: be born, consume, die. +Consumerism is [cancer](cancer.md) of society created by [capitalism](capitalism.md), it is the societal tendency towards and force established [culture](culture.md) of making members of society into mere slaves that have to constantly keep consuming products and services just for the sake of keeping bullshit businesses running. Consumers have to stand with open mouths at the end of [producer](productivity_cult.md) asses that are constantly shitting out new and new excrement, and this process must never stop. This soon degenerates into such things as **[artificial scarcity](artificial_scarcity.md)** and **[planned obsolescence](planned_obsolescence.md)**, things that could last long must be made so that they will NOT last long, they must break soon so that the user has to consume a new one periodically, just like he consumes food, because that's what makes the [corporation](corporation.md) most money. Or perhaps "[update](update_culture.md) the infrastructure" (5G! 6G! 7G!) and kill all devices that worked on the old infrastructure. So people are consuming computers, cars, swimming pools, cell phones, doctors, political drama, healthcare, things that make them sick, thing that make them healthy again, and so on and so forth. Even things that could be made to last long, such as buildings, or even forever, such as discovered [information](information.md) -- e.g. old books -- are artificially killed (for example using [copyright](copyright.md)), so that new ones have to be made so that people can keep having [jobs](work.md) and be miserable and don't have to lie on the beach and be happy. Businesses that would want to create non-consumerist products cannot exist -- a business that sells a thing that lasts 100 years will have to wait 100 years to sell another one, so naturally there is no chance for it to survive among those that make it so that they're selling the same thing each half a year, that's why consumerism in capitalism is unavoidable: it simply pays off, it makes the company rich and the richer company survives. Of course this is all pure [bullshit](bullshit.md) that wastes lives of people, makes them miserable consuming machines that get depressed and commit suicides, while also creating enormous amounts of waste that are destroying the environment, just capitalism as usual. Under consumerism your life is expected to go like this: be born, consume, die. Consumerism is additionally pushed by capitalists by many other means, for instance by psychological pressure such as extreme [marketing](marketing.md) that constantly creates artificial trends, hypes and fashion waves, or by economic means such as [inflation](inflation.md) created by printing money -- this is a simple trick for a state (nowadays controlled by [corporations](corporation.md)) to take away money from people so that people can do nothing about it, and this is how capitalism makes it impossible to save money: once you try to save money, it simply loses its value and you end up with nothing, so you're forced to immediately spend any money that you make. You must not stop, just consume, work, consume and work -- people that don't want to engage in this cycle are unwanted by the system and left to starve. diff --git a/cpp.md b/cpp.md index 6f0a49d..4cad01f 100644 --- a/cpp.md +++ b/cpp.md @@ -2,4 +2,62 @@ C++ (also crippled C) is an [object-obsessed](oop.md) [joke](jokes.md) language based on [C](c.md) to which it adds only [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) features and [bloat](bloat.md), most notably [object obsession](oop.md). Most good programmers such as [Richard Stallman](rms.md) and [Linus Torvalds](linus_torvalds.md) agree that C++ is hilariously messy and also tragic in that it actually succeeded to become mainstream. The language creator [Bjarne Stroustrup](stroustrup.md) himself infamously admitted the language sucks but laughs at its critics because it became successful anyway -- indeed, in a retarded society only [shit](shit.md) can succeed. As someone once said, "C++ is not an increment, it is excrement". C++ specification has **over 2000 pages** :D -C++ source code files have the extensions `.cpp` or `.cc` (for "crippled C"). \ No newline at end of file +C++ source code files have the extensions `.cpp` or `.cc` (for "crippled C"). + +## Examples + +Here is our standardized **[divisor tree](divisor_tree.md)** program in C++: + +``` +#include // include standard I/O library +using namespace std; + +// recursive function, prints divisor tree of x +void printDivisorTree(unsigned int x) +{ + int a = -1, b = -1; + + for (unsigned int i = 2; i <= x / 2; ++i) // find two closest divisors + if (x % i == 0) + { + a = i; + b = x / i; + + if (b <= a) + break; + } + + cout << '('; + + if (a > 1) + { + printDivisorTree(a); + cout << ' ' << x << ' '; + printDivisorTree(b); + } + else + cout << x; + + cout << ')'; +} + +int main() +{ + while (1) // main loop, read numbers from the user + { + unsigned int number; + cout << "enter a number: " << flush; + cin >> number; + + if (!cin.fail() && number < 1000) + { + printDivisorTree(number); + cout << endl; + } + else + break; + } + + return 0; +} +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/determinism.md b/determinism.md index c930777..3df549d 100644 --- a/determinism.md +++ b/determinism.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ *"God doesn't play dice."* --[some German dude](einstein.md) -Deterministic system (such as a [computer](computer.md) [program](program.md) or an [equation](equation.md)) is one which over time evolves without any involvement of [randomness](randomness.md); i.e. its current state along with the rules according to which it behaves unambiguously and precisely determine its following states. This means that a deterministic [algorithm](algorithm.md) will always give the same result if run multiple times with the same input values. Determinism is an extremely important concept in [computer science](compsci.md) and [programming](programming.md) (and in many other fields of science and philosophy). For example [game of life](game_of_life.md) is a deterministic system while [Markov chain](markov_chain.md) is not. +Deterministic system (such as a [computer](computer.md) [program](program.md) or an [equation](equation.md)) is one which over time evolves without any involvement of [randomness](randomness.md); i.e. its current state along with the rules according to which it behaves unambiguously and precisely determine its following state. As an implication a deterministic [algorithm](algorithm.md) will always give the same result if run multiple times with the same input values. Determinism is a concept of uttermost importance in [computer science](compsci.md) and [programming](programming.md) (but likewise also in many other fields of [science](science.md) and philosophy). For example [game of life](game_of_life.md) is a deterministic system while [Markov chain](markov_chain.md) is not. Along the same lines determinism is also a **[philosophical](philosophy.md) theory** and aspect of [physics](physics.md) theories -- here it signifies that our [Universe](universe.md) is deterministic, i.e. that everything is already predetermined by the state of the universe and the laws of physics, i.e. that we don't have "[free will](free_will.md)" (whatever it means) because our brains are just machines following laws of physics like any other matter etc. Many normies believe [quantum physics](quantum.md) disproves determinism which is however not the case, there may e.g. exist hidden variables that still make quantum physics deterministic -- some believe the Bell test disproved hidden variables but again this is NOT the case as it relies on statistical independence of the experimenters, determinism is already possible if we consider the choices of experimenters are also predetermined (this is called [superdeterminism](superdeterminism.md)). [Einstein](einstein.md) and many others still believed determinism was the way the Universe works even after quantum physics emerged. { This also seems correct to me. Sabine Hossenfelder is another popular physicist promoting determinism. ~drummyfish } Anyway, this is already beyond the scope of technological determinism. @@ -12,14 +12,14 @@ Determinism can however also pose a problem, notable e.g. in [cryptography](cryp Despite the natural determinism of computers as such, **computer programs nowadays aren't always automatically deterministic** -- if you're writing a typical interactive computer program under some operating system, you have to make some extra bit of effort to make it deterministic. This is because there are things such as possible difference in timings or not perfectly specified behavior of [floating point](float.md) types in your language; for example a game running on slower computer will render fewer [frames per second](fps.md) and if it has FPS-dependent physics, the time step of the physics engine will be longer on this computer, possibly resulting in slightly different physics behavior due to rounding errors. This means that such program run with the same input data will produce different results on different computers or under slightly different circumstances, i.e. it would be non-deterministic. -Nevertheless **we almost always want our programs to be deterministic** (or at least deterministic under some conditions, e.g. on the specific hardware platform we are using), always try to make your programs deterministic unless you have a VERY good reason not to! **It doesn't take a huge effort to achieve determinism**, it's more of just taking the right design decisions (e.g. separating rendering and physics simulation), i.e. good programming leads to determinism and vice versa, determinism in your program indicates good programming. The reason why we want determinism is that such programs have great properties, e.g. that of easier debugging (bugs are reproducible just by knowing the exact inputs), easy and efficient recording of activity (e.g. demos in games), sometimes even time reversibility (like undos, but watch out -- this doesn't hold in general!). Determinism also itself serves as a kind of a [test](test.md) if the program is working right -- if your program can take recorded inputs and reproduce same behavior at every run, it shows that it's written well, without things like [undefined behavior](undefined_behavior.md) affecting its behavior. +Nevertheless **we almost always want our programs to be deterministic** (or at least deterministic under some conditions, e.g. on the specific hardware platform we are using). Always try to make your programs deterministic unless you have a VERY good reason not to! **It doesn't take a huge effort to achieve determinism**, it's only about making the right design decisions (e.g. separating rendering and physics simulation), i.e. good programming leads to determinism and vice versa, determinism in your program indicates good programming. The reason why we want determinism is that such programs have good properties, e.g. that of easier [debugging](debugging.md) (bugs are reproducible just by knowing the exact inputs), easy and efficient recording of activity (e.g. [demos](demo.md) in games), sometimes even time reversibility (like undos, but watch out -- this doesn't hold in general!). Determinism also itself serves as a kind of [test](test.md) if the program is working right -- if your program can take recorded inputs and reproduce the same behavior at every run, it shows that it's probably written well, without things like [undefined behavior](undefined_behavior.md) or differences in timing affecting its behavior. { The previous paragraph is here because I've talked to people who thought that determinism was some UBER feature that requires a lot of work and so on ("OMG Trackmania is deterministic, what a feat!") -- this is NOT the case. It may intuitively seem so to non-programmers or beginners, but really this is not the case. Non-determinism in software appears usually due to a fuck up, ignorance or bad design choice made by someone with a low competence. Trust me, determinism is practically always the correct way of making programs and it is NOT hard to do. ~drummyfish } -**Even if we're creating a program that somehow works with probability, we usually want to make it deterministic!** This means we don't use actual random numbers but rather [pseudorandom](pseudorandomness.md) number generators that output [chaotic](chaos.md) values which simulate randomness, but which will nevertheless be exactly the same when ran multiple times with the same initial seed. This is again important e.g. for [debugging](debugging.md) the system in which replicating the bug is key to fixing it. If under normal circumstances you want the program to really behave differently in each run, you make it so only by altering its initial random [seed](seed.md). +**Even if we're creating a program that somehow works with probability, we usually ask from it to be deterministic!** This means we don't use actual random numbers but rather [pseudorandom](pseudorandomness.md) number generators that output [chaotic](chaos.md) values which simulate randomness, but which will nonetheless be exactly the same when ran multiple times with the same initial seed. This is again important e.g. for [debugging](debugging.md) the system in which replicating the bug is key to fixing it. If under normal circumstances you want the program to really behave differently in each run, you make it so only by altering its initial random [seed](seed.md). In theoretical [computer science](compsci.md) non-determinism means that a model of computation, such as a [Turing machine](turing_machine.md), may at certain points decide to make one of several possible actions which is somehow most convenient, e.g. which will lead to finding a solution in shortest time. Or in other words it means that the model makes many computations, each in different path, and at the end we conveniently pick the "best" one, e.g. the fastest one. Then we may talk e.g. about how the computational strength or speed of computation differ between a deterministic and non-deterministic Turing machine etc. -**Determinism does NOT guarantee [reversibility](reversibility.md)**, i.e. if we know a state of a deterministic system, it may not always be possible to say from which state it evolved, or in other words: a system that's deterministic may or may not be deterministic in reverse time direction. This reversibility is only possible if the rules of the system are such that no state can evolve from two or more different states (see [bijection](bijection.md) and [reversible computing](reversible_computing.md)). If this holds then it is always possible to time-reverse the system and step it backwards to its initial state. This may be useful for things such as [undos](undo.md) in programs. Also note that even if a system is reversible, it may be computationally very time consuming and sometimes practically impossible to reverse the system (imagine e.g. reversing a cryptographic [hash](hash.md) -- mathematical reversibility of such hash may be arbitrarily ensured by e.g. pairing each hash with the lowest value that produces it). +**Determinism does NOT guarantee [reversibility](reversibility.md)**, i.e. if we know a state of a deterministic system, it may not always be possible to tell from which state it evolved, or in other words: a system that's deterministic may or may not be deterministic in reverse time direction. This reversibility is only possible if the rules of the system are such that no state can evolve from two or more different states (see [bijection](bijection.md) and [reversible computing](reversible_computing.md)). If this holds then it is always possible to time-reverse the system and step it backwards to its initial state. This may be useful for things such as [undos](undo.md) in programs. Also note that even if a system is reversible, it may be computationally very time consuming and sometimes practically impossible to reverse the system (imagine e.g. reversing a cryptographic [hash](hash.md) -- mathematical reversibility of such hash may be arbitrarily ensured by e.g. pairing each hash with the lowest value that produces it). **Is [floating point](float.md) deterministic?** In theory even floating point arithmetic can of course be completely deterministic but there is the question of whether this holds about concrete specifications and implementations of floating point (e.g. in different programming languages) -- here in theory non-determinism may arise e.g. by some unspecified behavior such as rounding rules. In practice you can't rely on float being deterministic. The common float standard, IEEE 754, is basically deterministic, including rounding etc. (except for possible payload of [NaNs](nan.md), which shouldn't matter in most cases), but this e.g. doesn't hold for floating point types in [C](c.md)! \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/devuan.md b/devuan.md index 1c3dba7..6bd62aa 100644 --- a/devuan.md +++ b/devuan.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ # Devuan -Devuan is a [GNU](gnu.md)/[Linux](linux.md) [distribution](distro.md) that's practically ideantical to [Debian](debian.md) (it is its [fork](fork.md)) but without [systemd](systemd.md) as well as without packages that depend on the systemd [malware](malware.md). Devuan offers a choice of several [init systems](init_system.md), e.g. [openrc](openrc.md), [sysvinit](sysvinit.md) and [runit](runit.md). It was first released in 2017. +Devuan is a [GNU](gnu.md)/[Linux](linux.md) [distribution](distro.md) that's practically identical to [Debian](debian.md) (it is its [fork](fork.md)) but without [systemd](systemd.md) as well as without packages that depend on the systemd [malware](malware.md). Devuan offers a choice of several [init systems](init_system.md), e.g. [openrc](openrc.md), [sysvinit](sysvinit.md) and [runit](runit.md). It was first released in 2017. Notice how *Devuan* rhymes less with *lesbian* than *Debian*. -Despite some flaws (such as being [Linux](linux.md) with all the [bloat](bloat.md)), Devuan is still one of the best [operating systems](os.md) for most people and it is at this time recommended by [us](us.md) over most other [distros](distro.md) not just for avoiding systemd, but mainly for its adoption of Debian [free software](free_software.md) definition that requires software to be free as a whole, including its data (i.e. respecting also [free culture](free_culture.md)). It is also a nicely working [unix](unix.md) system that's easy to install and which is still relatively unbloated. +**Is Devuan good?** Well, despite some flaws (such as being [Linux](linux.md) with all the [bloat](bloat.md)), Devuan is still one of the best [operating systems](os.md) for most common people and it is at the time of writing this still kind of recommended by [us](us.md) over most other [distros](distro.md) not just for avoiding systemd, but mainly for its adoption of Debian [free software](free_software.md) definition that requires software to be free as a whole, including its data (i.e. respecting also [free culture](free_culture.md)). It is also a nicely working [unix](unix.md) system that's easy to install and which is still relatively unbloated. However as [Linux](linux.md) and whole computing world is quickly going downhill, Devuan will likely soon become unusable. -{ I can recommend Devuan, I've been using it as my main OS for several years. NOTE: some people told me Devuan is impure because it's still kinda bloated and recommends bloated stuff like Firefox etc., they recommended e.g. Dragora and Hyperbola -- this is absolutely true, **basically nothing ideal exists at the moment**, and any software recommendation always comes with the danger of it becoming shit over time, always keep that in mind; really recommending any software at this point comes down to discussing what's least shit, what [suckles the least](suckless.md) and also putting a a lot of weight on subjective factors. Also distros don't matter basically, they are all shit, just choose something that doesn't stand too much in the way of your creation and accept that it sucks. If you are skilled you can set up a much better Unix than Debian, Debian is a recommendation for a user who wants a good balance between "close to LRS" and "[just werks](just_werks.md)"; if you are skilled enough to set up a close to ideal system you probably don't need my recommendation on a distro, you can find it yourself. ~drummyfish } \ No newline at end of file +{ I can kind of recommend Devuan, I've been using it as my main OS for several years. NOTE: some people told me Devuan is impure because it's still kinda bloated and recommends bloated stuff like Firefox etc., they recommended e.g. Dragora and Hyperbola -- this is absolutely true, **basically nothing ideal exists at the moment**, and any software recommendation always comes with the danger of it becoming shit over time, always keep that in mind; really recommending any software at this point comes down to discussing what's least shit, what [suckles the least](suckless.md) and also putting a a lot of weight on subjective factors. Also distros don't matter basically, they are all shit, just choose something that doesn't stand too much in the way of your creation and accept that it sucks. If you are skilled you can set up a much better Unix than Debian, Debian is a recommendation for a user who wants a good balance between "close to LRS" and "[just werks](just_werks.md)"; if you are skilled enough to set up a close to ideal system you probably don't need my recommendation on a distro, you can find it yourself. ~drummyfish } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/digital_signature.md b/digital_signature.md index 57dde08..89ad39d 100644 --- a/digital_signature.md +++ b/digital_signature.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Digital Signature -Digital signature is a method of mathematically (with [cryptographical](cryptography.md) algorithms) proving that, with a very high probability, a digital message or document has been produced by a specific sender, i.e. it is something aka traditional signature which gives a "proof" that something has been written by a specific individual. +Digital signature is a method of [mathematically](math.md) (with [cryptographical](cryptography.md) [algorithms](algorithm.md)) proving that, with a very high probability, a digital message or document has been produced by a specific sender, i.e. it is something akin traditional signature which provides a proof that something has been written by a specific individual. It works on the basis of [asymmetric cryptography](asymmetric_cryptography.md): the signature of a message is a pair of a public key and a number (the signature) which can only have been produced by the owner of the private key associated with the public key. This signature is dependent on the message data itself, i.e. if the message is modified, the signature will no longer be valid, preventing anyone who doesn't posses the private key from modifying the message. The signature number can for example be a [hash](hash.md) of the message decoded with the private key -- anyone can check that the signature encoded with the public key gives the document hash, proving that whoever computed the signature number must have possessed the private key. diff --git a/diogenes.md b/diogenes.md index 769da5a..0f0b8fd 100644 --- a/diogenes.md +++ b/diogenes.md @@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ least is said to have done): **Why was he so based you ask?** Most normies don't get this, they are like ["shit in public = bad"](shortcut_thinking.md) or "no werk = steal" etc., it just shows how immensely retarded everyone is (and why Diogenes really couldn't find a man anywhere, he really just saw monkeys). Diogenes was the only one around who was ACTUALLY THINKING, he wouldn't accept any word of a propaganda without first thinking about if those words were actually true. He saw something and asked "is it good?". And he came to conclusion that most things are just [bullshit](bloat.md). But that's not all: not only did he say something was bullshit -- something most people would just go on doing without end -- he actually just stopped doing the bullshit and by that proved his point. Majority of ordinary people hated (and still hate) him because he just clearly proves them wrong, without any shadow of a doubt, plainly by demonstrating something is unnecessary by living without it. Politicians in suits are just idiotic talking retardheads in expensive suits who will only talk talk talk talk and lie and preach huge bullshit without actually doing anything and if someone just clearly shows they are idiots, their only possible "defense" is to discredit the opposition, which is why all the idiots just try to spread hate of Diogenes (and ad hominem of his teaching) based on shallow things like "the guy shit in public + his cloth smells = bad = words false" (but ofc it's actually effective on the population made basically of zombies). Diogenes didn't even have to talk much, he just said "this is bullcrap, look, you can live without it", and then he JUST DID IT like the biggest chad. +From the times of antiquity also come more funny stories, for instance about Hippocrates and Democritus: Hippocrates was sent to cure Democritus who was just laughing uncontrollably at everyone and looked insane; Hippocrates talked to him and Democritus explained he is just laughing at all the [retards](retard.md) who keep chasing [bullshit](bullshit.md) in life, he exaplained people are worse than animals and extremely stupid, to which Hippocrates had nothing to say, he thanked him for the wisdom and told the people the man is just very wise and there is nothing to cure. + ## See Also - [cynicism](cynicism.md) diff --git a/drummyfish.md b/drummyfish.md index 5f9ac53..37c0916 100644 --- a/drummyfish.md +++ b/drummyfish.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ { My email is currently: drummyfish AT disroot DOT org. ~drummyfish } -Drummyfish (also known as *tastyfish*, *drummy*, *drumy*, *smellyfish* and *i forcefeed my diarrhea to capitalism*) is a [programmer](programming.md), [anarchopacifist](anpac.md), [heretic](heresy.md), wannabe [generalist](generalism.md) and proponent of [free software/culture](free_software.md), who started [this wiki](lrs_wiki.md) and invented the kind of [software](software.md) it focuses on: [less retarded software](lrs.md) (LRS), as well as [less retarded society](less_retarded_society.md). Besides others he has written [Anarch](anarch.md), [small3dlib](small3dlib.md), [raycastlib](raycastlib.md), [smallchesslib](smallchesslib.md), [tinyphysicsengine](tinyphysicsengine.md), [SAF](saf.md) and [comun](comun.md) (and some older but technologically shittier projects such as [LibreMage](libremage.md), [Steamer Duck](steamer_duck.md) etc.). He has also been creating [free culture](free_culture.md) [art](art.md) and otherwise contributing to free projects such as [OpenMW](openm.md); he's been contributing with [public domain](pd.md) art of all kind (2D, 3D, music, ...) and writings to [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) (no longer cause ban), [Wikimedia Commons](wm_commons.md) (also banned now), [opengameart](oga.md), [libregamewiki](lgw.md), freesound and others. Drummyfish is insane/neuroretarded, suffering from anxiety/[depression](depression.md)/etcetc. (diagnosed [avoidant personality disorder](avpd.md)) and has more than once been called a [schizo](schizo.md), though psychiatrists didn't officially diagnose him with schizophrenia (yet). He sometimes [self harms](self_harm.md), both physically and socially. All in all, psychiatrists say he is insane but in reality he is the only sane man in the world, and that is what he suffers from. Due to spreading uncensored truth, helping and loving others and revealing corruption he is banned and censored on many places on the Internet, including [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) (literally just linked to personal site from personal page), Wikimedia Commons, [4chan](4chan.md) (made a pedo joke), [GitLab](gitlab.md) (hosted this wiki lol), watchpeopledie.tv (made a sarcastic Nazi joke or something), many [subreddits](reddit.md), some [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [Openarena](openarena.md) servers, ["Rational"Wiki](rationalwiki.md) { well, probably, I just vandalized it and never came back to check lol :D ~drummyfish } etc. He is also being constantly stalked by some pissed off pedophobe (:D), whom he still loves by the way <3, and which drummyfish appreciates as it makes him set many ban [speedrunning](speedrun.md) records and also become more self sufficient and not rely so much on the mainstream, censored platforms. Drummyfish also has no [real life](irl.md) and is pretty retarded when it comes to leading [projects](project.md) or otherwise dealing with people or [practical life](irl.md). Drummyfish's political compass is off the charts, he once tried to take the political compass test, the computer got confused and exploded. He is also a [wizard](wizard.md). +Drummyfish (also known as *tastyfish*, *drummy*, *drumy*, *smellyfish* and *i forcefeed my diarrhea to capitalism*) is a [programmer](programming.md), [anarchopacifist](anpac.md), [heretic](heresy.md), wannabe [generalist](generalism.md) and proponent of [free software/culture](free_software.md), who started [this wiki](lrs_wiki.md) and invented the kind of [software](software.md) it focuses on: [less retarded software](lrs.md) (LRS), as well as [less retarded society](less_retarded_society.md). Besides others he has written [Anarch](anarch.md), [small3dlib](small3dlib.md), [raycastlib](raycastlib.md), [smallchesslib](smallchesslib.md), [tinyphysicsengine](tinyphysicsengine.md), [SAF](saf.md) and [comun](comun.md) (and some older but technologically shittier projects such as [LibreMage](libremage.md), [Steamer Duck](steamer_duck.md) etc.). He has also been creating [free culture](free_culture.md) [art](art.md) and otherwise contributing to free projects such as [OpenMW](openm.md); he buys and digitizes old public domain books and has been contributing with [public domain](pd.md) art of all kind (2D, 3D, music, ...) and writings to [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) (no longer cause ban), [Wikimedia Commons](wm_commons.md) (also banned now), [opengameart](oga.md), [libregamewiki](lgw.md), freesound and others. Drummyfish is insane/neuroretarded, suffering from anxiety/[depression](depression.md)/etcetc. (diagnosed [avoidant personality disorder](avpd.md)) and has more than once been called a [schizo](schizo.md), though psychiatrists didn't officially diagnose him with schizophrenia (yet). He sometimes [self harms](self_harm.md), both physically and socially. All in all, psychiatrists say he is insane but in reality he is the only sane man in the world, and that is what he suffers from. Due to spreading uncensored truth, helping and loving others and revealing corruption he is banned and censored on many places on the Internet, including [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) (literally just linked to personal site from personal page), Wikimedia Commons, [4chan](4chan.md) (made a pedo joke), [GitLab](gitlab.md) (hosted this wiki lol), watchpeopledie.tv (made a sarcastic Nazi joke or something), many [subreddits](reddit.md), some [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [Openarena](openarena.md) servers, ["Rational"Wiki](rationalwiki.md) { well, probably, I just vandalized it and never came back to check lol :D ~drummyfish } etc. He is also being constantly stalked by some pissed off pedophobe (:D), whom he still loves by the way <3, and which drummyfish appreciates as it makes him set many ban [speedrunning](speedrun.md) records and also become more self sufficient and not rely so much on the mainstream, censored platforms. Drummyfish also has no [real life](irl.md) and is pretty retarded when it comes to leading [projects](project.md) or otherwise dealing with people or [practical life](irl.md). Drummyfish's political compass is off the charts, he once tried to take the political compass test, the computer got confused and exploded. He is also a [wizard](wizard.md). **Drummyfish is the most physically disgusting bastard on [Earth](earth.md)**, no [woman](woman.md) ever loved him, he is so ugly people get suicidal thoughts from seeing any part of him. He is also very stupid. @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ In 2019 drummyfish has written a "manifesto" of his ideas called **Non-Competiti **Drummyfish is from the alternative, good far [future](future.md)** (one that won't happen but would happen if [LRS](lrs.md) was realized), he comes from a society several thousand to possibly millions years ahead -- if you want to talk to a man from the future, talk to drummyfish. How is it possible? Imagine you traveled back to cavemen times, times when no one knew the wheel and couldn't count beyond 10, when it was normal for people to perform ritual sacrifices of human and so on -- imagine yourself at this time, telling people "you don't have to sacrifice this guy, it's no good" or "you can use wheel to transfer these stones to save 90% of your current effort" and the cavemen being like "[LMAO](lmao.md) you schizo, that will never work, humans have to be sacrificed, society can't work without it, stop your utopia bullshit" and "LMAO wheel? What's that schizo shit? It won't work, we don't even have to try. Our top [shamanism](soyence.md) popularizator says it's BS so we believe him. Numbers beyond 10? You mean infinity? You have some demons in you, take your potions." You would literally be a man from the future in the past, and that is what drummyfish is nowadays. Drummyfish says things like "stop [competition](competition.md)", "stop nationalism", "stop bullshit like political correctness", "adopt true [minimalism](minimalism.md)", and people are like "LMAO stop that utopia bullshit [pedo](pedophilia.md), competition is necessary for human organism to physically function because Neil de grass told me that on TV, take your schizo potions, minimalism will never work because it's nonintuitive and it isn't good for the economy gods". -**Does drummyfish have [divine intellect](terry_davis.md)?** Hell no, he's pretty retarded at most things, but thanks to his extreme tendency for isolation, great curiosity and obsession with [truth](truth.md) he is possibly the only man on Earth completely immune to propaganda, he can see the world as it is, not as it is presented, so he feels it is his moral duty to share what he is seeing. He is able to overcome his natural dumbness by tryharding and sacrificing his social and sexual life so that he can program more. If drummyfish can learn to program [LRS](lrs.md), so can you. +**Does drummyfish have [divine intellect](terry_davis.md)?** Hell no, he's pretty retarded at most things and would be a complete failure wasn't it for some of his special features -- thanks to his extraordinary tendency for isolation, grand curiosity and obsession with [truth](truth.md) he is possibly the only man on [Earth](earth.md) completely immune to propaganda, he can see the world as it is, not as it is presented, so he feels it is his moral duty to share what he is seeing. He is able to overcome his natural dumbness by tryharding and sacrificing his social and sexual life so that he can program more. If drummyfish can learn to program [LRS](lrs.md), so can you. -Drummyfish will [kill himself](suicide.md) one day -- probably not that soon, but it's planned, there is nothing worse than living under [capitalism](capitalism.md), death sounds like such a relief. There are still some [projects](needed.md) he wants to finish first; unless something triggers him and he just randomly jumps under a train one day or gets nuked by Putin, he is planning to finish some of the projects to leave something behind. The current plan is to try to live somehow, outside or on the edge of society, minimize contact with people, do good and avoid evil as much as possible. Once closest relatives are gone, then with no more ties to the current [shitty place](czechia.md), he will walk on foot towards the Mediterranean sea, a place that has always attracted him more than anywhere else, and there he will simply die either of illness, injury or hunger, or he will simply swim for the sunset and never return. That's a death one can even look forward to. There, at his beloved sea, drummyfish will meet his fate and find his final resting place and the peace he so much desired and struggled for through his whole life. Hopefully his body will feed a few hungry fish. +Drummyfish will probably [kill himself](suicide.md) one day -- likely not that soon, but it's planned, after all there is nothing worse than living under [capitalism](capitalism.md), death sounds like such a relief. There are still some [projects](needed.md) he wants to finish first; unless something triggers him and he just randomly jumps under a train one day or gets nuked by Putin, he is planning to finish some of the projects to leave something behind. The current plan is to try to live somehow, outside or on the edge of society, minimize contact with people, do good and avoid evil as much as possible. Once closest relatives are gone, then with no more ties to the current [shitty place](czechia.md), he will walk on foot towards the Mediterranean sea, a place that has always attracted him more than anywhere else, and there he will simply die either of illness, injury or hunger, or he will simply swim for the sunset and never return. That's a death one can even look forward to. There, at his beloved sea, drummyfish will meet his fate and find his final resting place and the peace he so much desired and struggled for through his whole life. Hopefully his body will feed a few hungry fish. ## See Also diff --git a/faggot.md b/faggot.md index 02d13f2..330f4bc 100644 --- a/faggot.md +++ b/faggot.md @@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ Faggot (also spelled faggit) is a synonym for [gay](gay.md). -In [Czech](czech.md) *fagot* means the bassoon musical instrument. \ No newline at end of file +In [Czech](czechia.md) *fagot* means the bassoon musical instrument. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/forth.md b/forth.md index d7397e2..8105fb8 100644 --- a/forth.md +++ b/forth.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ { I'm a bit ashamed but I really got into Forth quite recently, it's possible I spread some misinformation here, please let me know if I do, thanks <3 ~drummyfish } -Forth ("fourth generation" shortened to four characters due to technical limitations) is a very [elegant](beauty.md), extremely [minimal](minimalism.md) [stack](stack.md)-based [programming language](programming_language.md) (and a general computing environment) that uses [postfix](notation.md) (reverse Polish) notation -- it is one of the very best programming languages ever conceived. Forth's vanilla form is super simple, much simpler than [C](c.md), its design is ingenious and a compiler/interpreter can be made with little effort, giving it high [practical freedom](freedom_distance.md) (that is to say Forth can really be in the hands of the people). As of writing this the smallest Forth implementation, [milliforth](milliforth.md), has just **340 bytes** (!!!) of [machine code](machine_code.md), that's just incredible. Forth is used for example in [space](space.md) computers (e.g. [RTX2010](rtx2010.md), a radiation hardened space computer directly executing Forth) and [embedded](embedded.md) systems as a way to write efficient [low level](low_level.md) programs that are, unlike those written in [assembly](assembly.md), [portable](portability.md). Forth was the main influence for [Comun](comun.md), the [LRS](lrs.md) programming language, it is also used by [Collapse OS](collapseos.md) and [Dusk OS](duskos.md) as the main language. In minimalism Forth competes a bit with [Lisp](lisp.md), however Forth is ultimately superior -- not just in efficiency but also in elegance. +Forth ("fourth generation" shortened to four characters due to technical limitations) is a very [elegant](beauty.md), extremely [minimalist](minimalism.md) [stack](stack.md)-based [programming language](programming_language.md) (and a general computing environment) that uses [postfix](notation.md) (reverse Polish) notation -- it is one of the very best programming languages ever conceived. Forth's vanilla form is super simple, much simpler than [C](c.md), its design is ingenious and a compiler/interpreter can be made with relatively little effort, giving it high [practical freedom](freedom_distance.md) (that is to say Forth can really be in the hands of the people). As of writing this the smallest Forth implementation, [milliforth](milliforth.md), has just **340 bytes** (!!!) of [machine code](machine_code.md), that's just incredible. Forth finds use for example in [space](space.md) computers (e.g. [RTX2010](rtx2010.md), a radiation hardened space computer directly executing Forth) and [embedded](embedded.md) systems as a way to write efficient [low level](low_level.md) programs that are, unlike those written in [assembly](assembly.md), [portable](portability.md). Forth stood as the main influence for [Comun](comun.md), the [LRS](lrs.md) programming language, it is also used by [Collapse OS](collapseos.md) and [Dusk OS](duskos.md) as the main language. In minimalism Forth competes a bit with [Lisp](lisp.md), however, to Lisp fan's dismay, Forth seems to ultimately come out as superior, especially in performance, but ultimately probably even in its elegance (while Lisp may be more mathematically elegant, Forth appears to be the most elegant fit for real hardware). -**Forth may be one of best [programming](programming.md) systems yet conceived**, it is a pinnacle of programming genius. While in the world of "normal" programming languages we're used to suffering tradeoffs such as sacrificing performance for flexibility, Forth beats basically all such traditional languages at EVERYTHING at once: [simplicity](minimalism.md), [beauty](beauty.md), memory compactness, flexibility, performance and [portability](portability.md). It is also more than just a programming language, it is a system for computing, a calculator, programming language and its own debugger but can also serve for example as a [text editor](text_editor.md) and even a whole [operating system](os.md) (that is why e.g. DuskOS is written in Forth -- it is not as much written in Forth as it actually IS Forth). Of course you may ask: if it's so great, why isn't it used very much? Once someone summed it up as follow: Forth gives one unprecedented freedom and that allows [retards](soydev.md) to create bad design and fuck things up -- [capitalism](capitalism.md) needs languages for monkeys, that's why [bad languages](rust.md) are widely used. Remember: popularity has never been a measure of quality -- the best art will never be mainstream, it can only be understood and mastered by a few. +Not wanting to invoke a fanboy mentality, the truth still has to be left known that **Forth may be one of best [programming](programming.md) systems yet conceived**, it is a pinnacle of programming genius. While in the realm of "normal" programming languages we're used to suffering tradeoffs such as sacrificing performance for flexibility, Forth dodges this seemingly inevitable mathematical curse and manages to beat virtually all such traditional languages at EVERYTHING at once: [simplicity](minimalism.md), [beauty](beauty.md), memory compactness, flexibility, performance and [portability](portability.md). It's also much more than a programming language, it is an overall system for computing, a calculator, programming language and its own debugger but may also serve for example as a [text editor](text_editor.md) and even, without exaggeration, a whole [operating system](os.md) (that is why e.g. DuskOS is written in Forth -- it is not as much written in Forth as it actually IS Forth). Understandably you may ask: if it's so great, why isn't it very much used "in the business"? Once someone summed it up as follow: Forth gives us unprecedented freedom and that allows [retards](soydev.md) to come up with bad design and unleash destruction -- [capitalism](capitalism.md) needs languages for monkeys, that's why [bad languages](rust.md) prosper. Remember: popularity has never been a measure of quality -- the best art will never be mainstream, it can only be understood and mastered by a few. -Forth is unique in its philosophy, it can really be hardly compared to traditional languages such as [C++](cpp.md) or [Java](java.md) -- while the "typical language" is always basically the same thing for the programmer (no matter the implementation) and provides a few predefined, highly complex, universal, hardcoded constructs that are simply there and cannot be changed (such as an [OOP](oop.md) system, templates, control structures, ...), **Forth adopts [Unix philosophy](unix_philosophy.md)** (maybe in a better way than Unix itself) by defining just the concept of a word and maybe providing a few simple words and letting the programmer extend the language (that is even the compiler/interpreter itself) by defining new words out of the simpler ones, and this includes even things such as control structures (branches, loops, ...), primitive data types, variables and constant. For instance: in traditional languages there are a few predefined formats in which numbers may be written -- let's say in C you may use decimal numbers as `123` or hexadecimal numbers as `0x7b` -- in Forth you may change the base at any time to any value by assigning to the `base` variable which will change how Forth parses and outputs numbers (while a number is considered any word that's not been found in dictionary), and it is even possible to completely rewrite the number parsing procedure itself. Almost everything in Forth can be modified this way, so pure Forth without any words is not much more than a description of a [data structure](data_structure.md) and simpler parser of space-separated words, it plainly dictates a format of how words will be represented and handled on a very basic level (that's on the simplicity level of, let's say, [lambda calculus](lambda_calculus.md)) and only a *Forth system* (i.e. one with a specific dictionary of defined words, such as that defined by ANS Forth standard) provides a basic "practically usable" language. The point is this can still be extended yet further, without any end or limitation. +Forth is unique in its philosophy, we might almost go as far as calling Forth a programming [paradigm](paradigm.md) of its own. It can really be hardly compared to traditional languages such as [C++](cpp.md) or [Java](java.md) -- while the "typical language" is always more or less the same thing from the programmer's point of view by providing a few predefined, hardwired, usually complex but universal constructs that are simply there and cannot be changed in any way (such as an [OOP](oop.md) system, template system, macro language, control structures, primitive types, ...), **Forth adopts [Unix philosophy](unix_philosophy.md)** (and dare we say probably better than Unix itself) by defining just the concept of a *word*, maybe providing a handful of simple words for the start, and then letting the programmer extend the language (that is even the compiler/interpreter itself) by creating new words out of the simpler ones, and this includes even things such as control structures (branches, loops, ...), variables and constant. For instance: in traditional languages we find a few predefined formats in which numbers may be written -- let's say C lets us use decimal numbers as `123` or hexadecimal numbers as `0x7b` -- in Forth you may change the base at any time to any value by assigning to the `base` variable which will change how Forth parses and outputs numbers (while a number is considered any word that's not been found in dictionary), and it is even possible to completely rewrite the number parsing procedure itself. Almost everything in Forth can be modified this way, so pure Forth without any words is not much more than a description of a [data structure](data_structure.md) and simpler parser of space-separated words, it plainly dictates a format of how words will be represented and handled on a very basic level (that's on the simplicity level of, let's say, [lambda calculus](lambda_calculus.md)) and only a *Forth system* (i.e. one with a specific dictionary of defined words, such as that defined by ANS Forth standard) provides a basic "practically usable" language. The point is this can still be extended yet further, without any end or limitation. { Since Forth adopts a kind of unique philosophy, there are some discussion about how low level Forth really is, if it really is a language or something like a "metalanguage", or an "environment" to create your own language by defining your own words. Now this is not a place to go very deep on this but kind of a sum up may be this: Forth in its base version is very low level, however it's very extensible and many Forth systems extend the base language to some kind of much higher level language, hence the debates. ~drummyfish } -The language is usually presented as [interpreted](interpreter.md), however that's a bit misleading (interpreting Forth is almost like native execution), but may perfectly well be [compiled](compiler.md) to pure machine code too; it's actually very easy and natural to turn Forth source code into assembly, however (again, due to Forth's unique nature) it is not so easy to state with confidence whether the language is really interpreted or compiled because interpreting Forth happens on such a low level that it's almost native code execution -- any newly defined word is immediately compiled into a list of addresses of other words (i.e. in C terms function pointers) and the most basic words are typically written directly in [machine code](machine_code.md), so the interpreter doesn't perform any search for word names or anything like that (like a typical scripting language would), it just jumps between memory addresses, pushes numbers on stack and sometimes runs a native piece of code. For this Forth may be seen as a kind of "wrapper for assembly" as well, one that helps it be [portable](portability.md) (to port a program one will just have to replace the machine code of the basic words). +Being somewhat of a misfit in terms of classification, the language is probably more often presented as [interpreted](interpreter.md), but that's a tiny bit misleading (interpreting Forth is almost like native execution), however it may perfectly well be [compiled](compiler.md) to pure machine code too; it's actually very easy and natural to turn Forth source code into assembly, however (again, due to Forth's unique nature) it is not so easy to state with confidence whether the language is really interpreted or compiled because interpreting Forth happens on such a low level that it's almost native code execution -- any newly defined word is immediately compiled into a list of addresses of other words (i.e. in C terms function pointers) and the most basic words are typically written directly in [machine code](machine_code.md), so the interpreter doesn't perform any search for word names or anything like that (like a typical scripting language would), it just jumps between memory addresses, pushes numbers on stack and sometimes runs a native piece of code. For this Forth may be seen as a kind of "wrapper for assembly" as well, one that helps it be [portable](portability.md) (to port a program one will just have to replace the machine code of the basic words). Forth systems traditionally include not just a compiler/interpreter but also an **interactive environment** in which one is defining and compiling new words on the go. Again -- this is not just some kind of extra killer feature, an interactive environment naturally comes as a byproduct of Forth's design, it costs nothing to have such environment. This environment can serve for example as a debugger or even an operating system. @@ -46,9 +46,11 @@ For example a word that computes and average of the two values on top of the sta : average + 2 / ; ``` -Dictionary is a very important concept in Forth, it usually stores the words as a [linked list](list.md), starting with the oldest word -- this allows for example temporary shadowing of previously defined words with the same name. +Note that even the `:` and `;` characters that serve to define new words are words themselves. -Forth programmers use so called **stack notation** to document the function's "signature", i.e. what it does with the stack -- they write this notation in a comment above a defined word to signify to others what the word will do. Stack notation has the format `( before -- after )`, for example the effect of the above defined `average` words would be written as `( a b -- avg )` in this notation. +Dictionary constitutes one of the most important concept in Forth, it usually stores the words as a [linked list](list.md), starting with the oldest word -- this allows for example temporary shadowing of previously defined words with the same name. + +Forth programmers utilize what's called a **stack notation** to document the "signature" of a function, i.e. what it does with the stack (this is important since the language doesn't have the traditional system of named, counted and checked function parameters) -- they write this notation in a comment above a defined word to communicate to others what the word will do. Stack notation has the format `( before -- after )`, for example the effect of the above defined `average` words would be written as `( a b -- avg )` in this notation. Some predefined words usually present in Forth systems include: @@ -253,7 +255,9 @@ We can run this simply with `gforth my.fs`, the programs should write `120`. ## A Bit More Details -Genius of Forth resides under the hood. Here are some very basics about that. +WIP + +The genius of Forth resides under the hood -- to see it one has to study the internal working and see how it all ultimately ties together. So let's start here with some very basic overview of the internals. There are several regions of memory, most importantly the parameter stack (the main kind of stack), the return stack and dictionary memory. Dictionary obviously stores the words. **Format of the word in memory** may differ between implementations, but typically a word record has the following fields: @@ -266,6 +270,8 @@ There are several regions of memory, most importantly the parameter stack (the m Then there is a special pointer called *H* which points to the end of dictionary memory, i.e. at the end of the latest added word; adding a new word will happen here. This pointer is important e.g. for allocation: the word *ALLOT* (that allocated more memory cells for previously created pointer) just advanced the *H* pointer, making more room in the PFA. Quite clever, isn't it? +Forth system looks up words simply by traversing the linked list, i.e. out of words that share the same name the one created later will be found. If the system is given a word and it doesn't find it in the dictionary, it considers it a number; then it tries to parse the word as a number (using a special number parsing word which, of course, may also be redefined). This is another beautiful thing -- there is no hardwired format of a number, a number is simply anything that's not a word in the dictionary, and if for some reason we want to see say *123* as a special word rather than a number, we CAN. + TODO: compile time behavior, control structures, ... ## See Also diff --git a/information.md b/information.md index 303454c..4b7fabd 100644 --- a/information.md +++ b/information.md @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ *Information wants to be free.* -Information (from Latin *informare*: shape/describe/represent) is knowledge that can be used for making decisions. Information is interpreted [data](data.md), i.e. while data itself may not give us any information, e.g. if they're [encrypted](encryption.md) and we don't know the key or if we simply don't know what the data signifies or implies, information emerges once we make sense of the data (someone once put information in this relationship: data leads to information, information leads to knowledge and knowledge leads to [wisdom](wisdom.md)). Information is contained e.g in [books](book.md), on the [Internet](internet.md), in nature, and we access it through our senses. [Computers](computer.md) can be seen as machines for processing information and since the computer revolution information has become the focus of our society; we often encounter terms such as [information technology](it.md), informatics, information war, information age etc. [Information theory](information_theory.md) is a [scientific field](science.md) studying information. +Information (from Latin *informare*: shape/describe/represent) is knowledge that can be used for making reasonable decisions. Information stands for interpreted [data](data.md), i.e. while data itself may not give us any information, e.g. if it's [encrypted](encryption.md) with unknown key or if we simply have no clue what the data signifies or implies, information emerges once we make sense of the data (someone once placed information in this relationship: data leads to information, information leads to knowledge and knowledge leads to [wisdom](wisdom.md)). Information is contained e.g in [books](book.md), on the [Internet](internet.md), in nature, and we access it through our senses. [Computers](computer.md) can be seen as machines for processing information and since the computer revolution information has become the focus of our society; we commonly encounter terms such as [information technology](it.md), informatics, information war, information age etc. [Information theory](information_theory.md) is a [scientific field](science.md) studying information. -**Information wants to be [free](free_culture.md)**, i.e. it is free naturally unless we decide to limit its spread with [shit](shit.md) like [intellectual property](intellectual_property.md) laws. What does "free" mean? It is the miraculous property of information that allows us to duplicate it basically without any cost. Once we have certain information, we may share it with others without having to give up our own knowledge of the information. A file on a computer can be copied to another computer without deleting the file on the original computer. This is unlike with physical products which if we give to someone, we lose them ourselves. Imagine if you could make a piece of bread and then duplicate it infinitely for the whole world -- information works like this! We see it as a crime to want to restrict such a miracle. We may also very nicely store information in our heads. For all this information is [beautiful](beauty.md). It is sometimes discussed whether information is created or discovered -- if a mathematician comes up with an equation, is it his creation or simply his discovery of something that belongs to the nature and that has always been there? This question isn't so important because whatever terms we use, we at [LRS](lrs.md) decide to create, spread and freely share information without limiting it in any way, i.e. neither discovery nor invention should give rise to any kind of [property](property.md). +**Information wants to be [free](free_culture.md)** -- unlike any other kind of commodity it is free naturally unless we stupidly decide to limit its spread and exchange with [malice](shit.md) such as [intellectual property](intellectual_property.md) laws. What do we mean by "free"? That plain but miraculous property of information which allows us to duplicate it without any significant cost. Once we have certain information, we may share it with others without having to give up our own knowledge of the information -- **we give but suffer no loss**! Copying a file from one computer to another won't delete the file from the original computer. This is unlike with physical objects which if given to someone are lost to the giver. Imagine if you could make a piece of bread and then duplicate it infinitely for the whole world -- information works like this! We see it as a crime to want to restrict such a miracle. We may also very nicely store information in our heads. For all this information is [beautiful](beauty.md). It is sometimes discussed whether information is created or discovered -- if a mathematician comes up with an equation, is it his creation or simply his discovery of something that belongs to the nature and that has always been there? This question isn't so important because whatever terms we use, we at [LRS](lrs.md) decide to create, spread and freely share information without limiting it in any way, i.e. neither discovery nor invention should give rise to any kind of [property](property.md). In [computer science](compsci.md) the basic unit of information amount is 1 **[bit](bit.md)** (for *binary digit*), also known as [shannon](shannon.md). It represents a choice of two possible options, for example an answer to a *yes/no* question (with each answer being equally likely), or one of two [binary](binary.md) digits: 0 or 1. From this we derive higher units such as [bytes](byte.md) (8 bits), [kilobytes](memory_units.md) (1000 bytes) etc. Other units of information include [nat](nat.md) or [hart](hart.md). With enough bits we can encode any information including text, sounds and images. For this we invent various [formats](file_format.md) and encodings with different properties: some encodings may for example contain [redundancy](redundancy.md) to ensure the encoded information is preserved even if the data is partially lost. Some encodings may try to hide the contained information (see [encryption](encryption.md), [obfuscation](obfuscation.md), [steganography](steganography.md)). For processing information we create [algorithms](algorithm.md) which we usually execute with [computers](computer.md). We may store information (contained in data) in physical media such as [books](book.md), computer [memory](memory.md) or computer storage media such as [CDs](cd.md), or even with traditional potentially [analog](analog.md) media such as photographs. diff --git a/internet.md b/internet.md index e2ad969..e579d80 100644 --- a/internet.md +++ b/internet.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # Internet -Internet (sometimes just the *net*, also *serious business*) is the grand, [decentralized](decentralization.md) global network of interconnected [computer](computer.md) [networks](network.md) that allows advanced, cheap, practically instantaneous intercommunication of people and computers and sharing of large amounts of [data](data.md) and [information](information.md). Over just a few decades since its birth in 1970s it changed the society tremendously, shifted it to the information age and stands as possibly the greatest technological invention of our society. It is a platform for many services and applications such as the [web](www.md), [e-mail](email.md), [internet of things](iot.md), [torrents](torrent.md), phone calls, video streaming, multiplayer [games](game.md) etc. Of course, once Internet became accessible to normal people and has become the largest public forum on the planet, it has also become the biggest dump of retards in history. +Internet (sometimes just the *net*, also *serious business*) is the grand, [decentralized](decentralization.md) global network of interconnected [computer](computer.md) [networks](network.md) that allows advanced, cheap, practically instantaneous intercommunication of people and computers and sharing of large amounts of [data](data.md) and [information](information.md). Over just a few decades since its birth in 1970s it changed the society tremendously, shifted it to the information age and stands as possibly the greatest technological invention of our society. It is a platform for many services and applications such as the [web](www.md), [e-mail](email.md), [internet of things](iot.md), [torrents](torrent.md), phone calls, video streaming, multiplayer [games](game.md) etc. Of course, once Internet became accessible to normal people and became the largest public forum on the planet, it has also become the biggest dump of retards in history and, as always, [capitalism](capitalism.md) turned the dream of Internet into a nightmare. Sometimes we distinguish between lowercase *i* "internet", meaning a large computer network, and capital *I* "Internet", meaning the one, biggest worldwide internet. As many networks just become part of the great Internet, we see this distinction less often and without saying otherwise, in normal speech both "internet" or "Internet" typically stand for the big Internet. diff --git a/ioccc.md b/ioccc.md index 8a7cd8b..ce74593 100644 --- a/ioccc.md +++ b/ioccc.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # International Obfuscated C Code Contest -The International Obfuscated C Code Contest (IOCCC for short) is an annual online contest in making the most creatively [obfuscated](obfuscation.md) programs in [C](c.md). It's kind of a "just for [fun](fun.md)" thing but similarly to [esoteric languages](esolang.md) there's an element of art and clever hacking that carries a great value. While the [productivity freaks](productivity_cult.md) will argue this is just a waste of time, the true programmer appreciates the depth of knowledge and creative thinking needed to develop a beautifully obfuscated program. The contest runs since 1984 and was started by Landon Curt Noll and Larry Bassel. +The International Obfuscated C Code Contest (IOCCC for short) is an annual online contest in making the most creatively [obfuscated](obfuscation.md) programs in [C](c.md). It's kind of a "just for [fun](fun.md)" thing but similarly to [esoteric languages](esolang.md) there's an element of [art](art.md) and clever [hacking](hacking.md) that carries a high value. While the [productivity freaks](productivity_cult.md) will undeniably argue this is nothing more than a waste of time, the true programmer appreciates the depth of knowledge and creative thinking required to develop a beautifully obfuscated program. The contest has been around since 1984 and was started by Landon Curt Noll and Larry Bassel. -Unfortunately some [shit](shit.md) is flying around IOCCC too, for example confusing licensing -- having a [CC-BY-SA](cc_by_sa.md) license in website footer and explicitly prohibiting commercial use in the text, WTF? Also the team started to use [Microshit](microsoft.md)'s [GitHub](github.md). They also allow latest [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) C standards, but hey, this is a contest focused on ugly C, so perhaps it makes sense. +Unfortunately some [shit](shit.md) is surrounding IOCCC too, for example confusing licensing -- having a [CC-BY-SA](cc_by_sa.md) license in website footer and explicitly prohibiting commercial use in the text, WTF? Also the team started to use [Microshit](microsoft.md)'s [GitHub](github.md). They also allow latest [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) C standards, but hey, this is a contest focused on ugly C, so perhaps that makes sense after all. Hacking the rules of the contest is also encouraged and there is an extra award for "worst abuse of the rules". -Some common ideas employed in the programs include: +To list a few common ideas employed in the programs let's mentioned these: - formatting source code as [ASCII art](ascii_art.md) - misleading identifiers and comments diff --git a/island.md b/island.md index 7a52895..12e1c4a 100644 --- a/island.md +++ b/island.md @@ -45,4 +45,5 @@ TODO: food sources: fields and sea farms (only vegetarian), chickens for eggs, f ## See Also - [Utopia](utopia.md) +- [Atlantis](atlantis.md) - [Loquendo City](loquendo.md) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/javascript.md b/javascript.md index 1566692..03f1fc8 100644 --- a/javascript.md +++ b/javascript.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ JavaScript (JS) is a very popular, highly [shitty](shit.md) [bloated](bloat.md) **How bloated is JavaScript?** Very much. A [MINIMALIST](minimalism.md) [C](c.md) implementation called QuickJS has around 80K [lines of code](loc.md) -- compare e.g. to about 25K for [tcc](tcc.md), a similar style implementation of C, and about 5K for [comun](comun.md). A more mainstream implementation of JavaScript, the [v8](v8.md) engine (used e.g. in node.js) has **over 1 million lines of code** of C++. { Checked with *cloc*. V8 also contains web assembly aside from JavaScript, but still you get the idea. ~drummyfish } -Number 1 rule of a good website is: **NEVER use JavaScript**. Website is not a program, website is a document, so it doesn't need any scripts. Privacy freaks hate web JavaScript because it's a huge [security](security.md) vulnerability (websites with JavaScript can spy easily on you -- yes, even if the script is "[free software](free_software.md)") -- we don't fancy security but JavaScript is still bloat and [capitalist](capitalism.md) shit, it makes a website literally unusable in good browsers (those that don't implement JavaScript) so [we](lrs.md) hate it too. Basically everyone hates it. +Number 1 rule of a good webdesign is: **NEVER use JavaScript**. Website is not a program, website is a document, so it doesn't need any scripts. Privacy freaks hate web JavaScript because it's a huge [security](security.md) vulnerability (websites with JavaScript can spy easily on you -- yes, even if the script is "[free software](free_software.md)" and yes, even if it runs under VM and so on) -- we don't fancy security but JavaScript is still bloat and [capitalist](capitalism.md) shit, it makes a website literally unusable in good browsers (those that don't implement JavaScript) so [we](lrs.md) hate it too. Basically everyone hates it. In the past JavaScript was only a **[client](client.md) side** scripting language, i.e. it was used in [web browsers](web_browser.md) (the clients) to make computations on the client computer (which suffices for many things but not all) -- as a browser language JavaScript interoperates with [HTML](html.md) and [CSS](css.md), other two languages used on websites (which are however not programming languages). For server side computations [PHP](php.md), a different language, was used, however later on (around 2010) a framework/environment called [node.js](node_js.md) appeared which allowed JavaScript to be used as a more general language and to be used for server side programming as well; as it's more comfortable to write everything in a single language, JavaScript started to replace PHP in many places, though PHP is still used to this day. diff --git a/john_carmack.md b/john_carmack.md index a7fb22f..3657da9 100644 --- a/john_carmack.md +++ b/john_carmack.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ # John Carmack -John Carmack (born 1970 in Kansas, [US](usa.md)) is a brilliant legendary programmer that's contributed mostly to [computer graphics](graphics.md) and stands behind engines of such [games](game.md) as [Doom](doom.md), [Wolfenstein](wolf3D.md) and [Quake](quake.md). He helped pioneer real-time 3D graphics, created many [hacks](hack.md) and [algorithms](algorithm.md) (e.g. the reverse shadow volume algorithm). He is also a rocket [engineer](engineer.md). He had some trouble with law as a young and dropped out of university. +John Carmack (born 1970 in Kansas, [US](usa.md)) is a brilliant legendary programmer that's contributed mostly to [computer graphics](graphics.md) and stands behind engines of such [games](game.md) as [Doom](doom.md), [Wolfenstein](wolf3D.md) and [Quake](quake.md). He helped pioneer real-time [3D graphics](3d_rendering.md), created many [hacks](hacking.md) and [algorithms](algorithm.md) (e.g. the reverse shadow volume algorithm). He is also a rocket [engineer](engineer.md). He had some trouble with the law as a young and dropped out of university. ``` ____ @@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ John Carmack (born 1970 in Kansas, [US](usa.md)) is a brilliant legendary progra *[ASCII art](ascii_art.md) of John Carmack* -He's kind of the ridiculously stereotypical [nerd](nerd.md) with glasses that just from the way he talks gives out the impression of someone with high functioning [autism](autism.md). You can just sense his [IQ](iq.md) is over 9000. However it seems he's the kind of very narrowly focused robot, a calculator capable of superhuman programming and math calculations who knows nothing about anything else -- for example he doesn't seem to be able to speak any other language than English or know anything about empathy. { If I'm incorrect, let me know please. I searched if he speaks any languages but haven't found any clues about that being true. ~drummyfish } Some nice [shit](shit.md) about him can be read in the (sadly [proprietary](proprietary.md)) book *Masters of Doom*. +He is kind of the ridiculously stereotypical [nerd](nerd.md) with glasses who just by the way he talks gives out the impression of someone with high functioning [autism](autism.md). You can just sense his [IQ](iq.md) is over 9000. However it appears he's the kind of very narrowly focused robot, a calculator capable of superhuman programming and math calculations who knows little to nothing about unrelated areas -- for example he doesn't seem to be able to speak any other language than English or know much about empathy (judging from his conformance to entrepreneurship). { If I'm incorrect, let me know please. I searched if he speaks any languages but haven't found any clues about that being true. ~drummyfish } Some nice [shit](shit.md) about him can be read in the (sadly [proprietary](proprietary.md)) book *Masters of Doom*. Carmack is a proponent of "[FOSS](foss.md)" and has released his old game engines as such which gave rise to an enormous amount of modifications, forked engines and even new games (e.g. [Freedoom](freedoom.md) and [Xonotic](xonotic.md)). He's probably leaning more towards the dark side of the source: the [open-source](open_source.md). In 2021 Carmack tweeted that he would have rather licensed his old Id engines under a permissive BSD [license](license.md) than the [GPL](gpl.md), which is good. -In 2013 he sadly sold his soul to [Facebook](facebook.md) to work on [VR](vr.md) (in a Facebook owned company Oculus). Sometimes he is sadly not so based -- in one interview he admitted he was an "amoral little jerk" as a kid, but he probably kept a bit of that amorality still as he in general supports [business](business.md), in the 90s even praised some things about Microsoft [Windows](windows.md) etc., not very cool. But he's an [american](usa.md) after all, so what would you expect. \ No newline at end of file +Tragically Carmack sold his soul to [Facebook](facebook.md) in 2013 to pursue [work](work.md) on [VR](vr.md) (in a Facebook owned company Oculus). Sometimes he is sadly not so based -- in one interview he admitted he was an "amoral little jerk" as a kid, but he probably kept a bit of that amorality still as he in general supports [business](business.md), in the 90s even praised some features of Microsoft [Windows](windows.md) etc., not very cool. But he's an [american](usa.md) after all, so what would you expect. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/jokes.md b/jokes.md index eae9938..a714414 100644 --- a/jokes.md +++ b/jokes.md @@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ Also remember the worst thing you can do to a joke is put a [disclaimer](disclai - Shakespeare for programmers: `0x2b || !0x2b`. { This one is a bit lame but at least it's not so common :D ~drummyfish } - An [Apple](apple.md) a day keeps [sanity](lrs.md) away. - The goal of [computer science](compsci.md) is to create things that will last at +- Vision is what capitalist claims to have had after making a correct guess. least until we're finished building them. - How many lesbians do you need to screw a lightbulb? Eleven: one to screw it and ten to talk about how great it was doing it without a man. - Look at that obese singer typing something on her laptop. I think it's a Dell. diff --git a/just_werks.md b/just_werks.md index 140d87b..7459bd5 100644 --- a/just_werks.md +++ b/just_werks.md @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ # Just Werks -"Just werks" (for "just [work](work.md)s" if that's somehow not clear) is a phrase usually used by [noobs](noob.md) to justify using a piece of technology while completely neglecting any other deeper and/or long term consequences, though the argument has legitimate uses as well. A noob doesn't think about technology further than how it can immediately perform some task for him, to him "just werks" is a mere rationalization that gives him the comfort needed to not think things through. +"Just werks" (for "just [work](work.md)s" if that's somehow not clear) is a common phrase usually used by [noobs](noob.md) to justify using a piece of [technology](tech.md) while completely neglecting any other deeper and/or long term consequences, though the argument has legitimate uses as well. A noob doesn't think about technology further than how it can immediately perform some task for him, to him "just werks" is a mere rationalization providing the comfort needed to not think things through. -"Just werks" can be used legitimately to express that something simply works, e.g. thanks to being [simple](minimalism.md), for example "PDFs suck, [plaintext](plaintext.md) just werks". This use of the term is acceptable. +"Just werks" can be used legitimately to express that something simply works thanks to lack of [bullshit](bullshit.md) such as [bloat](bloat.md), as in "[PDF](pdf.md)s suck, [plaintext](plaintext.md) just werks". This use of the term is acceptable. -This phrase is widely used e.g. on [4chan](4chan.md)/g, however mostly in the wrong way. It possibly originated there. +The phrase is frequently used on [4chan](4chan.md)/g, however mostly in the wrong way. It possibly originated there. The ignorant "just werks" philosophy completely ignores questions such as: - **Is there anything better in the long run?** A normie will always prefer a shitty software he can immediately use to a software that would take one day to learn and that would make the task many times easier, comfortable, cheaper etc. - **Is this affecting my [freedom](freedom.md) (and things like "[security](security.md)" etc.)?** A normie doesn't realize that by using proprietary or bloated program will limit the number of people who can maintain, fix and improve his software, and that technology is used to abused him, e.g. by spying on him, making him depend on something unnecessary etc. - **How is this affecting my computing in a wider sense?** A normie won't even think about such thing as that using some proprietary format will likely immediately close the door to working with it with a FOSS program, or that installing a specific OS will limit what programs he can run. -- **Am I becoming a slave to this technology?** By adopting something proprietary and/or bloated I am slowly becoming dependent on an ecosystem that's completely under control of some corporation, an ecosystem that can quickly change for the worse or even disappear completely. +- **Am I becoming a slave to this technology?** By adopting something [proprietary](proprietary.md) and/or bloated I am slowly becoming dependent on an ecosystem that's completely under the control of some [corporation](corporation.md), an ecosystem that can quickly change for the worse or even disappear completely with me being able to do nothing about it. - **Am I supporting [evil](evil.md)?** E.g. by paying to a corporation, letting someone collect data in the background, promoting a bad piece of technology etc. - **Am I hurting better alternatives by not using them?** E.g. by using a proprietary social network gives one more user to it and one fewer to a potentially more ethical free social network. - **Is there anything just plain better?** A normie will take the first thing that's handed to him and "just werks" without even checking if something better exists that would satisfy him better. +- ... ## See Also diff --git a/kids_these_days.md b/kids_these_days.md index 44585ce..598d089 100644 --- a/kids_these_days.md +++ b/kids_these_days.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ # Kids These Days -TODO \ No newline at end of file +TODO + +## See Also + +- [zoomer](zoomer.md) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/kwangmyong.md b/kwangmyong.md index e1d5ed8..6d12de0 100644 --- a/kwangmyong.md +++ b/kwangmyong.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Kwangmyong -Kwangmyong (meaning *bright light*) constitutes a mysterious [intranet](intranet.md) that [North Koreans](north_korea.md) basically have instead of the [Internet](internet.md). For its high political isolation North Korea doesn't allow its citizens open access to the Internet, they rather create their own internal network the government can fully control and [censor](censorship.md) to their liking -- this is unsurprising, allegedly it is e.g. illegal to own a fax and North Korea also have their own operating system called [Red Star OS](red_star.md) for similar reasons -- to not get infiltrated by foreign technology. Not so much is known about Kwangmyong for a number of reasons: it is only accessible from within North Korea, foreigners are typically not allowed to access it, and, of course, it isn't in [English](english.md) but in Korean, so a typical tourist won't understand a word even if he gets a glimpse of it. Of course the content on the network is highly filtered and/or engineered by the state propaganda. Foreigners sometimes get a chance to spot or even secretly photograph things that allow us to make out a bit of information about the network. +Kwangmyong (meaning *bright light*) constitutes a mysterious [intranet](intranet.md) that [North Koreans](north_korea.md) basically have instead of the [Internet](internet.md). For its high political isolation North Korea doesn't allow its citizens open access to the Internet, they rather create their own internal network the government can fully control and [censor](censorship.md) to their liking -- this is unsurprising, allegedly it is e.g. illegal to own a fax and North Korea also have their own operating system called [Red Star OS](red_star.md) for similar reasons -- to not get infiltrated by foreign technology. Not so much is known about Kwangmyong for a number of reasons: it is only accessible from within North Korea, foreigners are typically not allowed to access it, and, of course, it isn't in [English](english.md) but in Korean, so a typical tourist won't understand a word even if he gets a glimpse of it. Unsurprisingly the content on the network is treated with the highest forms of censorship, filtering, control and a great deal of it is engineered to serve the state propaganda. Here and there a foreigner gets a rare opportunity to peek into the network or even secretly photograph things that enable us to make out a bit of information about Kwangmyong. North Koreans themselves almost never have their own computers, they typically browse the network in libraries. -There seem to be a few thousand accessible sites. Raw [IP addresses](ip_address.md) (in the private 10.0.0.0/8 range) are sometimes used to access sites (posters in libraries list IPs of some sites) but [DNS](dns.md) is also up -- here sites use *.kp* [top level domain](tld.md). Some sites, e.g. of universities, are also accessible on the Internet (e.g. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/), others like http://www.ipo.aca.kp (patent/invention site) or http://www.ssl.edu.kp (sports site) are not. There seems to be a remote webcam education system in place -- it appeared on North Korean news. There exists something akin a [search engine](search_engine.md) (*Naenara*), [email](email.md), [usenet](usenet.md), even something like [facebook](facebook.md). Apparently there are some [video games](game.md) as well. +There seem to be a few thousand accessible sites. Raw [IP addresses](ip_address.md) (in the private 10.0.0.0/8 range) are sometimes used to access sites (posters in libraries list IPs of some of them) but [DNS](dns.md) is also up -- here sites use *.kp* [top level domain](tld.md). Various sites, e.g. of universities, are also accessible on the Internet (e.g. http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/), others like http://www.ipo.aca.kp (patent/invention site) or http://www.ssl.edu.kp (sports site) are not. There seems to be a remote webcam education system in place -- it appeared on North Korean news. There exists something akin a [search engine](search_engine.md) (*Naenara*), [email](email.md), [usenet](usenet.md), even something like [facebook](facebook.md). Apparently there are some [videogames](game.md) as well. ## See Also diff --git a/lambda_calculus.md b/lambda_calculus.md index 67b6784..d6a7f60 100644 --- a/lambda_calculus.md +++ b/lambda_calculus.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Lambda Calculus -Lambda calculus is an extremely simple and low-level [mathematical](math.md) system that can describe computations with [functions](function.md), and can in fact be used to describe and perform any computation. Lambda calculus provides a theoretical basis for [functional programming languages](functional.md) and is a **[model of computation](model_of_computation.md)** similar to e.g. a [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) or [interaction nets](interaction_net.md) -- lambda calculus has actually exactly the same computational power as a Turing machine, which is the greatest possible computational power, and so it is an alternative to it. Lambda calculus can also be seen as a simple [programming language](programming_language.md), however it is so extremely simple (there are e.g. no numbers) that its pure form isn't used for practical programming, it is more of a mathematical tool for studying computers theoretically, constructing proofs etc. Nevertheless anything that can be programmed in any classic programming language can in theory be also programmed in lambda calculus. +Lambda calculus is an extremely simple, low-level [mathematical](math.md) system that can perform computation with mathematical [functions](function.md), and can in fact be used to describe and perform any conceivable computation. Lambda calculus provides a theoretical basis for [functional programming languages](functional.md) and is a **[model of computation](model_of_computation.md)** similar to e.g. a [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) or [interaction nets](interaction_net.md) -- lambda calculus has actually exactly the same computational power as a Turing machine, which is the greatest possible computational power, and so these systems are alternatives to one another. Lambda calculus can also be viewed as a primitive [programming language](programming_language.md), however its extreme simplicity (for example the lack of even such basic concepts as [numbers](number.md)) doesn't allow its pure form to be used for practical programming, it is more of a mathematical tool for studying computers theoretically, constructing proofs etc. The system is a result of searching for most minimal systems capable of computation, just like the most essential physics equations come from searching for the most basic rules of our [Universe](universe.md). Nevertheless anything that can be programmed in any classic programming language can in theory be also programmed in lambda calculus. -While Turing machines use memory cells in which computations are performed -- which is similar to how real life computers work -- lambda calculus performs computations only by simplifying an expression made of pure mathematical functions, i.e. there are no [global variables](variable.md) or [side effects](side_effect.md) (the concept of memory is basically present in the expression itself, the lambda expression is both a program and memory at the same time). It has to be stressed that the functions in question are mathematical functions, also called **pure functions**, NOT functions we know from programming (which can do all kinds of nasty stuff). A pure function cannot have any side effects such as changing global state and its result also cannot depend on any global state or randomness, the only thing a pure function can do is return a value, and this value has to always be the same if the arguments to the function are same. +While Turing machines use memory cells as the medium to carry out computation -- which closely imitates the "number crouching" of real life computers -- lambda calculus instead performs computation solely by simplifying an expression made of pure mathematical functions -- that means there are no [global variables](variable.md) or [side effects](side_effect.md) (the role of memory is essentially replaced by the expression itself, the lambda expression is both the program and its memory at the same time). It has to be stressed that the functions in question are mathematical functions, also called **pure functions**, NOT functions we know from programming (which can do all kinds of nasty stuff). A pure function cannot have any side effects such as changing global state and its result also cannot depend on any global state or randomness, the only thing a pure function can do is return a value, and this value has to always be the same if the arguments to the function are same. In addition to this the pure mathematical functions are yet much simpler than those we encounter in high school, there are no algebraic operators or numbers, just symbols. ## How It Works diff --git a/left_right.md b/left_right.md index 064c157..b23864f 100644 --- a/left_right.md +++ b/left_right.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ # Left Vs Right (Vs Pseudoleft) -Left and right are two basic opposing political sides that roughly come down to the pro-equality (left) and pro-hierarchy (right). Historically the terms *left* and *right* came from the opposing sides at which members of national assembly physically sit during 1789 French revolution, however since then they evolved into possessing more generalized meanings of simply anti and pro hierarchy. Unfortunately there is a lot of confusion and vagueness about these terms nowadays, so let us now define them as used on this wiki: +Left and right are two basic opposing political sides that roughly come down to the pro-equality (left) and pro-hierarchy (right). The division to left and right is the most common and basic one in the world of politics, though people very often disagree a lot on the meaning and significance of this division. Historically the terms *left* and *right* came from the opposing sides at which members of national assembly physically sit during 1789 French revolution, however since then they evolved into possessing more generalized meanings of simply anti and pro hierarchy. Unfortunately there is a lot of confusion and vagueness about these terms, so let us now define them as used on [this wiki](lrs_wiki.md): -- The (true) **left is pro social equality**, i.e. against social hierarchies. This includes equality of all living beings, period. Note that social equality does NOT imply people being made (or being made to appear) equal in other ways, e.g. physically -- true left accepts difference between people and [races](race.md) and doesn't hide them. Even if the perfectly ideally leftist society can't be completely achieved, true left tries to get **as close to it as possible**. The values of true left are for example sharing, [love](love.md), [selflessness](selflessness.md), [altruism](altruism.md), forgiveness and nonviolence. Groups and movements that are at least highly truly leftist include [anarcho pacifism](anpac.md), [veganism](veganism.md), [free software](free_software.md), [free culture](free_culture.md) and of course [LRS](lrs.md). -- The **right is pro social hierarchy**, i.e. against social equality. This means some people standing above others, be it by strength, power, wealth, social status, privileges etc. The rightist values are mostly those associated with [evil](evil.md), i.e. violence, oppression, conflict, war, revenge, survival of the fittest etc. Among rightism can be included [fascism](fascism.md) (i.e. extreme rightism), [capitalism](capitalism.md), US republican party, states, the military etc. One of right's identifying features is **hypocrisy**, i.e. it judges what's good/bad only by against whom it is targeted, e.g. violence is bad when targeted against "us" ("those Muslims are bad, they want to kill us!") but good when targeted against "them" ("we have to kill those Muslims because they're violent!"); so animals killing humans is judged as "bad" but humans killing animals is "good". In other words right has no sense of morality, only the sense of [self interest](self_interest.md). -- The **pseudoleft** is pretending to be left while in fact being right due to e.g. using non-leftist means (such as violence) or even having non-leftist goals (e.g. benefit of specific minority as opposed to benefit of everyone). Among pseudoleftist movements are [feminism](feminism.md), [LGBT](lgbt.md), [Antifa](antifa.md) or [Marxism](marxism.md). This fact is also supported by the [naming](name_matters.md) of these movements. +- The (true) **left is pro social equality**, i.e. against social hierarchies of any kind. This includes equality of all living beings, period. Note that social equality does NOT imply people being made (or being made to appear) equal in other ways, e.g. physically -- true left accepts difference between people and [races](race.md) and doesn't hide them. Even if the perfectly ideally leftist society can't be completely achieved, true left tries to get **as close to it as possible**. The values of true left are for example sharing, [love](love.md), [pacifism](pacifism.md), [selflessness](selflessness.md), [altruism](altruism.md), forgiveness, sharing and nonviolence. Groups and movements that are at least highly truly leftist include [anarcho pacifism](anpac.md), [veganism](veganism.md), [free software](free_software.md), [free culture](free_culture.md) and of course [LRS](lrs.md). +- The **right is pro social hierarchy**, i.e. against social equality. This means some people standing above others, be it by strength, power, wealth, social status, privileges etc. The rightist values are mostly those associated with [evil](evil.md), i.e. violence, oppression, conflict, war, revenge, survival of the fittest etc. Among rightism can be included [fascism](fascism.md), [capitalism](capitalism.md), US republican party, states, [military](military.md) etc. One of right's identifying features is **hypocrisy**, i.e. it judges what's good/bad only by against whom it is targeted, e.g. violence is bad when targeted against "us" ("those Muslims are bad, they want to kill us!") but good when targeted against "them" ("we have to kill those Muslims because they're violent!"); so animals killing humans is judged as "bad" but humans killing animals is "good". In other words right has no sense of morality, only the sense of [self interest](self_interest.md). +- The **pseudoleft** is pretending to be left while [in fact](de_facto.md) being right due to e.g. using non-leftist means (such as violence) or even having non-leftist goals (e.g. benefit of a specific minority as opposed to benefit of everyone). Among pseudoleftist movements are [feminism](feminism.md), [LGBT](lgbt.md), [Antifa](antifa.md) or [Marxism](marxism.md). This fact is also supported by the [naming](name_matters.md) of these movements. There exists a "theory" called a horse shoe. It says that the extremes of the left-right spectrum tend to be alike (violent, hating, radical), just as the two ends of a horse shoe. This is only an illusion caused by ignoring the existence of pseudoleft. The following diagram shows the true situation: diff --git a/minimalism.md b/minimalism.md index f11ffc4..c2a92b3 100644 --- a/minimalism.md +++ b/minimalism.md @@ -77,4 +77,5 @@ Minimalism and simplicity increase freedom even of [proprietary](proprietary.md) - [KISS](kiss.md) - [primitivism](primitivism.md) -- [single instruction computer](single_instruction.md) \ No newline at end of file +- [single instruction computer](single_instruction.md) +- [Amish](amish.md) tech \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/money.md b/money.md index 5401b93..27d8a21 100644 --- a/money.md +++ b/money.md @@ -12,6 +12,6 @@ Sadly capitalism forced EVERYONE to deal with money, even those who hate it. How - **Hate money**, always aim for eliminating money from society. Does this mean you should hate having money? No, this means you should hate *having to have money*. - **Minimize damage money does**, i.e. firstly do NOT run capitalist businesses that steal money from the poor (basically every business eventually does this through some level of indirection), that makes money harm others. Secondly make money do less damage to yourself, i.e. do not rid yourself of money by burning them or anything, just use them to live in less pain. You can also **use money for good** -- if you have enough, just give it to someone in need. Don't teach people to fish, just give them the fucking fish if you have tons of them. Remember than **being rich means being a murderer** because you are just sitting on resources that could simply save lives of many, just by having a lot of money and doing nothing you are killing people, so don't be rich -- if you are, just give money to someone. -- **Use money to become independent of money**, i.e. only make money so that you don't have to care about money, NOT to consume more of capitalist production. With regards to "winning a lottery" most people nowadays have the attitude of "I'd keep living the same but I would buy a bigger house and could wear luxury clothes", which is the retarded stance that only enslaves you more and increases overall damage to everyone. The correct thinking is "I would stop working so that I could be more free and do more good without having to make profit anymore". -- **Don't become a slave to money**, i.e. don't spend your thinking time on investments, accounting, protecting your funds, insurances, currencies, businesses to make more money etc. Just as with technology, make some minimal setup that just makes you not have to think about money, EVEN if it costs something (i.e. makes you lose something to inflation etc.). { I'm real retarded about economy but it may be good to e.g. have some cash ready (like for quarter of a year of living), then some saving bank account (where more money goes and possibly gets some small interest but is still available somehow) and then some physical gold to protect from inflation. Anyway even this may be too much for many to worry about, feel free to even just go all cash in your mattress if you want to avoid bank software and such shit, it's all fine. ~drummyfish } +- **Use money to become independent of money**, i.e. only make money so that you don't have to care about money, NOT to consume more of capitalist production. With regards to "winning a lottery" most people nowadays have the attitude of "I'd keep living the same but I would buy a bigger house and could wear luxury clothes", which is the retarded stance that only enslaves you more and increases overall damage to everyone. The correct thinking is "I would stop working so that I could be more free and do more good without having to make profit anymore". Also it's not important how much you make but how much you save from your income, it doesn't matter you make $100K per month if your living costs $100K -- rather make $500 and save $200, put it in gold or something so that it doesn't lose value and then every once in a while you can take a year off from slavery. +- **Don't become a slave to money**, i.e. don't spend your thinking time on investments, accounting, protecting your funds, insurances, currencies, businesses to make more money etc. Just as with technology, make some minimal setup that just makes you not have to think about money, EVEN if it costs something (i.e. makes you lose something to inflation etc.). { I'm real retarded about economy but it may be good to e.g. have some cash ready (like for quarter of a year of living), then some saving bank account (where more money goes and possibly gets some small interest but is still available somehow) and then some physical gold to protect from inflation. Anyway even this may be too much for many to worry about, feel free to even just go all cash in your mattress if you want to avoid bank software and such shit, it's all fine. ~drummyfish } - ... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/often_confused.md b/often_confused.md index 2e3bdbd..61ecb09 100644 --- a/often_confused.md +++ b/often_confused.md @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and can many times be used interchang - **[ASCII](ascii.md)** vs **[plain text](plain_text.md)** vs **[Unicode](unicode.md)** - **[ASCII art](ascii_art.md)** vs **[ANSI art](ansi_art.md)** vs **[Unicode](unicode.md) art** - **[assembler](assembler.md)** vs **[assembly](assembly.md)** vs **[machine code](machine_code.md)** +- **[astrology](astrology.md)** vs **[astronomy](astronomy.md)** - **[attribution](attribution.md)** vs **[credit](credit.md)** - **binary** vs **[executable](executable.md)** - **[binary](binary.md)** vs **[boolean](boolean.md)** @@ -84,6 +85,7 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and can many times be used interchang - **[hyperlink](hyperlink.md)** vs **[link](link.md)** vs **[URI](uri.md)** vs **[URL](url.md)** - **[ID](id.md)** vs **[token](token.md)** vs **[hash](hash.md)** vs **[handle](handle.md)** vs **[identifier](identifier.md)** - **[ideology](ideology.md)** vs **[philosophy](philosophy.md)** vs **[religion](religion.md)** vs **[paradigm](paradigm.md)** +- **[imperative](imperative.md) paradigm** vs **procedural paradigm** vs **[procedural generation](procgen.md)** - **[infinite](infinity.md)** vs **[arbitrarily large/unbounded](unbounded.md)** - **[Internet](internet.md)** vs **[web](web.md)** - **[Java](java.md)** vs **[JavaScript](js.md)** diff --git a/programming_language.md b/programming_language.md index 83acba2..e38b12d 100644 --- a/programming_language.md +++ b/programming_language.md @@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ Here is a table of notable programming languages in chronological order (keep in | **[C](c.md)** | **kind of** | 1972 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 10K? (judg. by chibicc) | 49 | 160, proprietary (ISO) | compiled, fastest, efficient, established, suckless, low-level, #1 lang.| | [Prolog](prolog.md) | maybe? | 1972 | | | | | | [logic](logic.md) paradigm, hard to learn/use | |[Smalltalk](smalltalk.md)| **quite yes** | 1972 | 47 (G) | 41 (G) | | | 40, proprietary (ANSI) | PURE (bearable kind of) [OOP](oop.md) language, pretty minimal | -| [C++](cpp.md) | no, bearable | 1982 | 1.18 (G)| 1.27 (G) | | | 500, proprietary | bastard child of C, only adds [bloat](bloat.md) ([OOP](oop.md)), "games"| +| [C++](cpp.md) | no, bearable | 1982 | 1.18 (G)| 1.27 (G) | | 51 | 500, proprietary | bastard child of C, only adds [bloat](bloat.md) ([OOP](oop.md)), "games"| | [Ada](ada.md) | ??? | 1983 | | | | | | { No idea about this, sorry. ~drummyfish } | | Object Pascal | no | 1986 | | | | | | Pascal with OOP (like what C++ is to C), i.e. only adds bloat | | Objective-C | probably not | 1986 | | | | | | kind of C with Smalltalk-style "pure" objects? | diff --git a/proprietary.md b/proprietary.md index 47ac897..2d6b1e4 100644 --- a/proprietary.md +++ b/proprietary.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ # Proprietary -The word proprietary (related to the word *property*) is used for intellectual works (such as texts, songs, computer programs, ...) that are someone's fully owned "[intellectual property](intellectual_property.md)" (by means of [copyright](copyright.md), [patents](patent.md), [trademarks](trademark.md) etc.), i.e. those that are not [free as in freedom](free.md) because they cannot be freely copied, shared, modified, studied etc. This word has a negative connotation because proprietary works serve capitalist overlords, are used to abuse others and go against freedom. The opposite of proprietary is [free (as in freedom, NOT price)](free.md) (also *libre*): free works are either those that are completely [public domain](public_domain.md) or technically owned by someone but coming with a free (as in freedom) [license](license.md) that voluntarily waives all the harmful legal rights of the owner. There are two main kinds of proprietary works (and their free counterparts): proprietary [software](sw.md) (as software was the first area where these issues arose) (versus [free software](free_software.md)) and proprietary [art](art.md) of other kind (music, pictures, data, ...) (versus [free cultural](free_culture.md) art). +The word proprietary (related to the word *property*) describes intellectual works (such as texts, songs, computer programs, ...) that are not [free as in freedom](free.md), i.e. a proprietary work is one that is someone's "[intellectual property](intellectual_property.md)" (owned on grounds of [copyright](copyright.md), [patents](patent.md), [trademarks](trademark.md) etc.) that denies others at least one of the four essential freedom conditions agreed upon by movements such as [free software](free_software.md) or [free culture](free_culture.md). The word *proprietary* has a completely negative connotation, for such works serve [capitalist](capitalism.md) oppressors, their aim is to abuse and suppress freedom. The opposite of *proprietary* is therefore *free as in freedom* (also *libre*): free works are either those which are completely [public domain](public_domain.md) or those technically "owned" by someone but accompanied by a free (as in freedom) [license](license.md) that voluntarily waives all the most harmful legal "rights" (more correctly opportunities of oppression) of the "owner". There are two main kinds of proprietary works (and their free counterparts): proprietary [software](sw.md) (as software was the first area where these issues arose) (versus [free software](free_software.md)) and other proprietary [art](art.md) of other kind (music, pictures, data, ...) (versus [free cultural](free_culture.md) art). -As said, proprietary software is any software that is not [free (as in freedom)](free_software.md)/[open source](open_source.md) software. Such software denies users and creators their basic freedoms (freedom of unlimited use, studying, modifying and sharing) and is therefore [evil](evil.md); proprietary software is mostly [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md) designed to abuse its user in some way. Proprietary code is often secret, not publicly accessible, but there are many programs whose source code is [available](source_available.md) but which is still proprietary because no one except the "owner" has any legal rights to fixing it, improving it or redistributing it. +Proprietary software is commonly agreed to be [evil](evil.md); it is mostly [capitalist software](capitalist_software.md) designed to abuse its user in one way or another. Proprietary code is often secret, not publicly accessible, although it's not uncommon to come across programs whose source code is [available](source_available.md) but which is still proprietary because no one except the "owner" has the necessary legal rights to using it, studying it, fixing it, improving it and/or redistributing it. -Examples of proprietary software are [MS Windows](windows.md), [MacOS](macos.md), [Adobe Photoshop](photoshop.md) and almost every [game](game.md). Proprietary software is not only extremely [harmful](harmful.md) to [culture](culture.md), technology and society in general, it is downright dangerous and in some cases life-threatening; see for example cases of medical implants such as pacemakers running secret proprietary code whose creator and maintainer goes bankrupt and can no longer continue to maintain such devices already planted into bodies of people -- such cases have already appeared, see e.g. *Autonomic Technologies* nervous system implants. +Examples of proprietary software are [MS Windows](windows.md), [MacOS](macos.md), [Adobe Photoshop](photoshop.md) and nearly every [videogame](game.md). Proprietary software does not only do extraordinary [harm](harmful.md) to [culture](culture.md), [technology](tech.md) and society as such, it is downright dangerous and on occasion life-threatening; see for example cases of medical implants such as pacemakers running secret proprietary code whose creator and maintainer goes out of business and can no longer continue to maintain such devices already planted into bodies of humans -- such situations have already appeared, see e.g. *Autonomic Technologies* nervous system implants. Proprietary software licenses are usually called [EULAs](eula.md). -By extension besides proprietary software there also exist other proprietary works, for example proprietary [art](art.md) or databases -- these are all works that are not [free cultural works](free_culture.md). Even though for example a proprietary movie probably isn't IMMEDIATELY as dangerous as proprietary software, it may be just as dangerous to society in the long run. Examples of proprietary art is basically anything mainstream that's not older than let's say 50 years: [Harry Potter](harry_potter.md), all Hollywood movies, basically all pop music, basically all AAA video [game](game.md) art and lore etcetc. +By extension besides proprietary software we also encounter other types of proprietary works, for instance proprietary [art](art.md) or [databases](db.md) -- these are all works that are not [free cultural](free_culture.md) works. Although for example a proprietary movie probably isn't IMMEDIATELY and DIRECTLY as dangerous as proprietary software, it may well pose the same danger to society in the long run. Examples of proprietary art is basically anything mainstream that's not older than let's say 50 years: [Harry Potter](harry_potter.md), all Hollywood movies, basically all pop music, virtually all AAA video [game](game.md) art and so forth. -**Is it ever okay to use proprietary software?** If you have to ask, the answer is no, you should avoid proprietary software as much as possible (considering in today's society you probably can't even take a shit without using some form of proprietary software). Proprietary software is [cancer](cancer.md), it is like hard drugs, poison, radioactive toxic material, biological virus -- you have to treat it as such. For this reason to most people, especially newcomers to the free world, the best, simplest and safest advice is to completely avoid anything proprietary; this helps you get out of the addiction, break out of the system, find free alternatives and avoid harm to yourself and others. Once one becomes an expert he start to see the answer may be more complex of course, as with everything -- for example in order to make a free [clone](clone.md) of something proprietary, we often have to [reverse engineer](reverse_engineering.md) it, which often means having to run it; however this has to only be done by experts who know the dangers and how to handle them, just like handling of a highly dangerous biological virus should only ever be done by an expert in safe laboratory under strictly controlled conditions. \ No newline at end of file +**Is it ever fine to use proprietary software?** If you have to ask, the answer is no, you should avoid proprietary software as much as possible (considering in today's society you probably can't even take a shit without using some form of proprietary software). Proprietary software is [cancer](cancer.md), it is like hard drugs, poison, radioactive toxic material, biological virus -- you have to treat it as such. For this reason to most people, especially newcomers to the free world, the best, simplest and safest advice is to completely avoid anything proprietary; this helps you get out of the addiction, break out of the system, find free alternatives and avoid harm to yourself and others. Once one becomes an expert he start to see the answer may be more complex of course, as with everything -- for example in order to make a free [clone](clone.md) of something proprietary, we often have to [reverse engineer](reverse_engineering.md) it, which often means having to run it; however this has to only be done by experts who know the dangers and how to handle them, just like handling of a highly dangerous biological virus should only ever be done by an expert in safe laboratory under strictly controlled conditions. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/quine.md b/quine.md index b0ca7e7..6ee9bf2 100644 --- a/quine.md +++ b/quine.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ # Quine -Quine is a nonempty [program](program.md) which prints its own source code. It takes no input, just prints out the [source code](source_code.md) when run (without [cheating](cheating.md) such as reading the source code file). Quine is basically a [self-replicating](self_replication.md) program, just as [in real world](irl.md) we may construct robots capable of creating copies of themselves (afterall we humans are such robots). The name *quine* refers to the philosopher Willard Quine and his paradox that shows a structure similar to self-replicating programs. Quine is one of the standard/[fun](fun.md)/[interesting](interesting.md) programs such as [hello world](hello_world.md), [compiler bomb](compiler_bomb.md), [99 bottles of beer](99_bottles.md) or [fizzbuzz](fizzbuzz.md). +Quine is a nonempty [program](program.md) that when executed prints its own [source code](source_code.md). It takes no input, just prints out the source code, without "[cheating](cheating.md)" such as reading the source code from a file. A [self-replicating](self_replication.md) program of a sort, quine performs a task similar to that of a robot capable of creating copies of itself (after all we humans are such robots). The name *quine* refers to the philosopher Willard Quine and his paradox that exhibits a structure similar to self-replicating programs. Quine belong to the class of standard/[fun](fun.md)/[interesting](interesting.md) programs with which we like to compare [programming languages](programming_language.md), it's a cousin of such superstars as [hello world](hello_world.md), [compiler bombs](compiler_bomb.md), [99 bottles of beer](99_bottles.md) or [fizzbuzz](fizzbuzz.md), but out of these quine is of the greatest interest to mathematicians. -From [mathematical](math.md) point of view quine is a fixed point of a [function](function.md) (not to be confused with [fixed_point arithmetic](fixed_point.md)) represented by the [programming language](programming_language.md). I.e. if we see the programming language as a function f(x), where *x* is source code and the function's output is the program's output, quine is such *x* that *f(x) = x*. **A quine can be written in any [Turing complete](turing_completeness.md) [language](programming_language.md)**, the proof comes from the *fixed point theorem* (which says functions satisfying certain conditions always have a fixed point, i.e. a quine). +From [mathematical](math.md) viewpoint quine is a **fixed point** of a [function](function.md) (not to be confused with [fixed_point arithmetic](fixed_point.md)) represented by the [programming language](programming_language.md). That is once we say the programming language is a function f(x), where *x* is source code and the function's output is the program's output, quine is such *x* that *f(x) = x*. **A quine can be written in any [Turing complete](turing_completeness.md) [language](programming_language.md)**, the proof comes from the *fixed point theorem* (which says functions satisfying certain conditions always have a fixed point). -Similar efforts include e.g. making self matching [regular expressions](regex.md) (for this task to be non-trivial the regex has to e.g. be enclosed between `/`s). Yet another similar challenge is a [polyglot](polyglot.md) program -- one that is a valid program in several languages -- some programs can be quines and polyglots at the same time, i.e. **polyglot quines**. +Attempt mathematically similar to making quines include e.g. making self matching [regular expressions](regex.md) (for this task to be non-trivial the regex has to be for example enclosed between `/`s). Yet another similar challenge is a [polyglot](polyglot.md) program -- one that is a valid program in several languages -- some programs can be quines and polyglots at the same time, i.e. **polyglot quines**. -The challenge of creating quines is in the [self reference](self_reference.md) -- normally we cannot just single-line print a string literal containing the source because that string literal would have to contain itself, making it [infinite](infinity.md) in length. The idea commonly used to solve this problem is following: +The challenging part of writing quines lies indeed in the [self reference](self_reference.md) -- normally we cannot just single-line print a string literal containing the source because that string literal would have to contain itself, making it [infinite](infinity.md) in length. The idea commonly used to solve the problem is following: 1. On first line start a definition of string *S*, later copy-paste to it the string on the second line. 2. On second line put a command that prints the first line, assigning to *S* the string in *S* itself, and then prints *S* (the second line itself). diff --git a/random_page.md b/random_page.md index 2b94c69..dd69af4 100644 --- a/random_page.md +++ b/random_page.md @@ -2,1764 +2,1764 @@ Please kindly click random link. -[*](hero_culture.md) -[*](tinyphysicsengine.md) -[*](linux.md) -[*](sdf.md) -[*](smol_internet.md) -[*](morality.md) -[*](dependency.md) -[*](mob_software.md) -[*](downto.md) -[*](rule110.md) -[*](wiki_style.md) -[*](newspeak.md) -[*](hack.md) -[*](computational_complexity.md) -[*](ioccc.md) -[*](microsoft.md) -[*](rapeware.md) -[*](easier_done_than_said.md) -[*](digital_signature.md) -[*](soydev.md) -[*](brainfuck.md) -[*](procgen.md) -[*](quine.md) -[*](ronja.md) -[*](lrs_dictionary.md) -[*](lrs.md) -[*](ethics.md) -[*](whale.md) -[*](graveyard.md) -[*](number.md) -[*](toxic.md) -[*](rust.md) -[*](gnu.md) -[*](fun.md) -[*](cheating.md) -[*](firmware.md) 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+[*](xxiivv.md) +[*](npc.md) +[*](vim.md) +[*](framework.md) +[*](rights_culture.md) +[*](README.md) +[*](network.md) +[*](free_software.md) +[*](tattoo.md) +[*](exercises.md) +[*](compiler_bomb.md) +[*](wiki_pages.md) +[*](history.md) +[*](crypto.md) +[*](crow_funding.md) +[*](thrembo.md) +[*](sjw.md) +[*](quaternion.md) +[*](compsci.md) +[*](whale.md) +[*](island.md) +[*](technology.md) +[*](avpd.md) +[*](nc.md) +[*](faq.md) +[*](diogenes.md) +[*](gender_studies.md) +[*](ioccc.md) +[*](jokes.md) +[*](trash_magic.md) +[*](fantasy_console.md) +[*](3d_rendering.md) +[*](pedophilia.md) +[*](fqa.md) +[*](digital.md) +[*](cache.md) +[*](kiwifarms.md) +[*](internet.md) +[*](frameless.md) +[*](nigger.md) +[*](suicide.md) +[*](io.md) +[*](faq.md) +[*](consumerism.md) +[*](cheating.md) +[*](trusting_trust.md) +[*](atan.md) +[*](turing_machine.md) +[*](brain_software.md) +[*](mob_software.md) +[*](one.md) +[*](byte.md) +[*](smart.md) +[*](license.md) +[*](qubit.md) +[*](bullshit.md) +[*](steve_jobs.md) +[*](abstraction.md) +[*](cancel_culture.md) +[*](dodleston.md) +[*](capitalist_singularity.md) +[*](brain_software.md) +[*](acronym.md) +[*](cracker.md) +[*](piracy.md) +[*](suicide.md) +[*](anpac.md) +[*](nanogenmo.md) +[*](morality.md) +[*](duskos.md) +[*](woman.md) +[*](shader.md) +[*](arch.md) +[*](marxism.md) +[*](unix.md) +[*](interaction_net.md) +[*](magic.md) +[*](tangram.md) +[*](watchdog.md) +[*](palette.md) +[*](often_confused.md) +[*](usa.md) +[*](rgb332.md) +[*](faggot.md) +[*](color.md) +[*](entropy.md) +[*](windows.md) +[*](pokitto.md) +[*](viznut.md) +[*](fixed_point.md) +[*](future.md) +[*](determinism.md) +[*](selflessness.md) +[*](splinternet.md) +[*](windows.md) +[*](productivity_cult.md) +[*](ram.md) +[*](settled.md) +[*](culture.md) +[*](ubi.md) +[*](rms.md) +[*](steve_jobs.md) +[*](finished.md) +[*](democracy.md) +[*](f2p.md) +[*](kids_these_days.md) +[*](less_retarded_hardware.md) +[*](physics.md) +[*](copyfree.md) +[*](usa.md) +[*](unicode.md) +[*](easier_done_than_said.md) +[*](hack.md) +[*](kids_these_days.md) +[*](speech_synthesis.md) +[*](duke3d.md) +[*](permacomputing_wiki.md) +[*](marketing.md) +[*](normalization.md) +[*](demo.md) +[*](js.md) +[*](logic_gate.md) +[*](privacy.md) +[*](100r.md) +[*](prime.md) +[*](troll.md) +[*](evil.md) +[*](drummyfish.md) +[*](corporation.md) +[*](trom.md) +[*](backpropagation.md) +[*](magic.md) +[*](main.md) +[*](ubi.md) +[*](love.md) +[*](adam_smith.md) +[*](antivirus_paradox.md) +[*](free_body.md) +[*](cracker.md) +[*](xonotic.md) +[*](stereotype.md) +[*](living.md) +[*](military.md) +[*](shader.md) +[*](moderation.md) +[*](apple.md) +[*](motivation.md) +[*](needed.md) +[*](microtransaction.md) +[*](lambda_calculus.md) +[*](universe.md) +[*](fascism.md) +[*](boat.md) +[*](free_body.md) +[*](tech.md) +[*](logic.md) +[*](version_numbering.md) +[*](fsf.md) +[*](good_enough.md) +[*](c_pitfalls.md) +[*](finished.md) +[*](npc.md) +[*](ubi.md) +[*](oop.md) +[*](triangle.md) +[*](temple_os.md) +[*](axiom_of_choice.md) +[*](paywall.md) +[*](rust.md) +[*](dungeons_and_dragons.md) +[*](gemini.md) +[*](project.md) +[*](no_knowledge_proof.md) +[*](permacomputing.md) +[*](coding.md) +[*](computational_complexity.md) +[*](smallchesslib.md) +[*](information.md) +[*](cpp.md) +[*](stereotype.md) +[*](pi.md) +[*](soyence.md) +[*](logic_circuit.md) +[*](feminism.md) +[*](interaction_net.md) +[*](3d_model.md) +[*](everyone_does_it.md) +[*](easy_to_learn_hard_to_master.md) +[*](float.md) +[*](analog.md) +[*](programming_tips.md) +[*](pokitto.md) +[*](proprietary.md) +[*](bill_gates.md) +[*](proprietary.md) +[*](suicide.md) +[*](antivirus_paradox.md) +[*](programming.md) +[*](downto.md) +[*](assembly.md) +[*](unretard.md) +[*](21st_century.md) +[*](gui.md) +[*](unix_philosophy.md) +[*](double_buffering.md) +[*](less_retarded_society.md) +[*](pseudominimalism.md) +[*](lmao.md) +[*](frameless.md) +[*](zero.md) +[*](steve_jobs.md) +[*](money.md) +[*](viznut.md) +[*](analog.md) +[*](human_language.md) +[*](dick_reveal.md) +[*](wiki_rights.md) +[*](soyence.md) +[*](black.md) +[*](encyclopedia.md) +[*](pseudorandomness.md) +[*](morality.md) +[*](mud.md) +[*](pseudoleft.md) +[*](collapse.md) +[*](nc.md) +[*](ancap.md) +[*](fqa.md) +[*](raycastlib.md) +[*](markov_chain.md) +[*](lgbt.md) +[*](dinosaur.md) +[*](bazaar.md) +[*](marketing.md) +[*](python.md) +[*](ethics.md) +[*](fail_ab.md) +[*](floss.md) +[*](one.md) +[*](binary.md) +[*](dynamic_programming.md) +[*](programming_style.md) +[*](yes_they_can.md) +[*](proprietary_software.md) +[*](harry_potter.md) +[*](information.md) +[*](c.md) +[*](io.md) +[*](capitalist_singularity.md) +[*](bloat_monopoly.md) +[*](google.md) +[*](data_hoarding.md) +[*](hw.md) +[*](backgammon.md) +[*](wikiwikiweb.md) +[*](fail_ab.md) +[*](tranny_software.md) +[*](gui.md) +[*](avpd.md) +[*](rapeware.md) +[*](portal_rendering.md) +[*](sorting.md) +[*](niggercoin.md) +[*](web.md) +[*](cpp.md) +[*](permacomputing.md) +[*](library.md) +[*](internet.md) +[*](books.md) +[*](reactionary_software.md) +[*](free_universe.md) +[*](countercomplex.md) +[*](ai.md) +[*](public_domain.md) +[*](saf.md) +[*](rapeware.md) +[*](shit.md) +[*](hexadecimal.md) +[*](nationalism.md) +[*](transistor.md) +[*](function.md) +[*](island.md) +[*](moderation.md) +[*](justice.md) +[*](phd.md) +[*](geek.md) +[*](unicode.md) +[*](zuckerberg.md) +[*](capitalism.md) +[*](right.md) +[*](css.md) +[*](ronja.md) +[*](sjw.md) diff --git a/rgb565.md b/rgb565.md index 368a5bf..2a21ffd 100644 --- a/rgb565.md +++ b/rgb565.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ RGB565 is color format, or a way of representing [colors](color.md) with just 2 [bytes](byte.md) (unlike traditional 24 bit RGB formats that use 3 bytes, one for each component), that is 16 [bits](bit.md) (giving a total of 65536 distinct colors), by using 5 bits (highest) for red, 6 bits for green (to which human eye is most sensitive) and 5 bits for blue; it can also be seen as a color [palette](palette.md). It is similar to [rgb332](rgb332.md) -- it's basically a mid way between RGB332 and full 24bit RGB against which it saves one byte per pixel, but compared to RGB332 [byte sex](byte_sex.md) comes to play here. Practically speaking you will rarely need anything more than this, 65 thousand colors are absolutely sufficient for everything. -Yet another similar format to this one is [RGB555](rgb555.md) which sacrifices one useful bit for gaining the nice property of having the same size of each component. +Yet another similar format to this one is [RGB555](rgb555.md) which sacrifices one useful bit for gaining the nice property of having the same size of each component. The one "wasted" bit may also be utilized, e.g. for marking transparency. Here is a [C](c.md) code for the basic conversions to/from this format: diff --git a/stereotype.md b/stereotype.md index 09b1d4e..574d923 100644 --- a/stereotype.md +++ b/stereotype.md @@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ Some stereotypes are: - Chinese: - smart, wise - do martial arts + - eat [cats](cat.md) and [dogs](dog.md) - make crappy off brands and cheap copies of western art, steal "intellectual property", manufacture cheap things at large quantities, everything is "made in China" - don't value "human rights", no work safety - [Czech](czechia.md): @@ -158,4 +159,5 @@ Some stereotypes are: - too emotional, especially on period - attracted to douchebags, assholes and money, golddigging, avoid nice guys - can distinguish and name different shades of similar colors - - on board of a ship bring bad luck \ No newline at end of file + - on board of a ship bring bad luck + - secretly want to have sex with [dogs](dog.md) rather than with men \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wavelet_transform.md b/wavelet_transform.md index 2df0c96..0a7b397 100644 --- a/wavelet_transform.md +++ b/wavelet_transform.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ *Good luck trying to understand the corresponding [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) article.* -Wavelet transform is a [mathematical](math.md) operation, similar to e.g. [Fourier transform](fourier_transform.md), that takes a [signal](signal_processing.md) (let's say audio or an image) and outputs information about the [frequencies](frequency.md) contained in that signal AS WELL as the locations of those frequencies. This is of course very handy should we want to analyze and manipulate frequencies in the signal -- for example [JPEG 2000](jpeg_2000.md) exploits wavelet transforms for [compressing](compression.md) images by discarding certain frequencies in them that our eyes are not so sensitive to. +Wavelet transform is a [mathematical](math.md) operation, not much different from let's say [Fourier transform](fourier_transform.md), that takes a [signal](signal_processing.md) (e.g. audio or image) and outputs information about the [frequencies](frequency.md) contained in that signal AS WELL as the locations of those frequencies. This comes very handy should we want to analyze and manipulate frequencies in the signal -- for example [JPEG 2000](jpeg_2000.md) exploits wavelet transforms for [compressing](compression.md) images by discarding certain frequencies in them that our eyes are not so sensitive to. The main advantage over [Fourier transform](fourier_transform.md) (and similar transforms such as [cosine transform](cosine_transform.md)) is that wavelet transform shows us not only the frequencies, but ALSO their locations (i.e. for example time at which these frequencies come into play in an audio signal). This allows us for example to locate specific sounds in audio or apply compression only to certain parts of an image. While localizing frequencies is also possible with Fourier transform with tricks such as [spectrograms](spectrogram.md), wavelet transforms are a more elegant, natural and continuous way of doing so. Note that due to [Heisenberg's uncertainty principle](uncertainty_principle.md) it is mathematically IMPOSSIBLE to know both frequencies and their locations exactly, there always has to be a tradeoff -- the input signal itself tells us everything about location but nothing about frequencies, Fourier transform tells us everything about frequencies but nothing about their locations and wavelet transform is a **midway** between the two -- it tells us something about frequencies and their approximate locations. diff --git a/wiki_pages.md b/wiki_pages.md index db1a061..90be455 100644 --- a/wiki_pages.md +++ b/wiki_pages.md @@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ This is an autogenerated page listing all pages. -**[100r](100r.md)** (3) -- **[21st_century](21st_century.md)** (25) -- **[3d_model](3d_model.md)** (255) -- **[3d_modeling](3d_modeling.md)** (2) -- **[3d_rendering](3d_rendering.md)** (589) -- **[42](42.md)** (14) -- **[4chan](4chan.md)** (30) -- **[README](README.md)** (9) -- **[aaron_swartz](aaron_swartz.md)** (4) -- **[abstraction](abstraction.md)** (20) -- **[acronym](acronym.md)** (390) -- **[adam_smith](adam_smith.md)** (34) -- **[ai](ai.md)** (12) -- **[algorithm](algorithm.md)** (219) -- **[aliasing](aliasing.md)** (60) -- **[altruism](altruism.md)** (6) -- **[anal_bead](anal_bead.md)** (6) -- **[analog](analog.md)** (2) -- **[analytic_geometry](analytic_geometry.md)** (72) -- **[anarch](anarch.md)** (107) -- **[anarchism](anarchism.md)** (15) -- **[ancap](ancap.md)** (29) -- **[anpac](anpac.md)** (6) -- **[antialiasing](antialiasing.md)** (157) -- **[antivirus_paradox](antivirus_paradox.md)** (8) -- **[app](app.md)** (8) -- **[apple](apple.md)** (6) -- **[approximation](approximation.md)** (18) -- **[arch](arch.md)** (6) -- **[arduboy](arduboy.md)** (39) -- **[art](art.md)** (16) -- **[ascii](ascii.md)** (151) -- **[ascii_art](ascii_art.md)** (206) -- **[assembly](assembly.md)** (257) -- **[assertiveness](assertiveness.md)** (2) -- **[atan](atan.md)** (22) -- **[atheism](atheism.md)** (23) -- **[attribution](attribution.md)** (16) -- **[audiophilia](audiophilia.md)** (2) -- **[autostereogram](autostereogram.md)** (119) -- **[autoupdate](autoupdate.md)** (2) -- **[avpd](avpd.md)** (4) -- **[axiom_of_choice](axiom_of_choice.md)** (10) -- **[backgammon](backgammon.md)** (58) -- **[backpropagation](backpropagation.md)** (87) -- **[bazaar](bazaar.md)** (8) -- **[bbs](bbs.md)** (28) -- **[beauty](beauty.md)** (25) -- **[bilinear](bilinear.md)** (117) -- **[bill_gates](bill_gates.md)** (31) -- **[billboard](billboard.md)** (59) -- **[binary](binary.md)** (138) -- **[bit](bit.md)** (4) -- **[bit_hack](bit_hack.md)** (172) -- **[bitreich](bitreich.md)** (28) -- **[black](black.md)** (2) -- **[blender](blender.md)** (10) -- **[bloat](bloat.md)** (196) -- **[bloat_monopoly](bloat_monopoly.md)** (13) -- **[boat](boat.md)** (34) -- **[body_shaming](body_shaming.md)** (2) -- **[books](books.md)** (35) -- **[boot](boot.md)** (2) -- **[bootstrap](bootstrap.md)** (43) -- **[brain_software](brain_software.md)** (14) -- **[brainfuck](brainfuck.md)** (122) -- **[bs](bs.md)** (2) -- **[build_engine](build_engine.md)** (2) -- **[bullshit](bullshit.md)** (49) -- **[byte](byte.md)** (19) -- **[bytebeat](bytebeat.md)** (144) -- **[bytecode](bytecode.md)** (280) -- **[c](c.md)** (381) -- **[c_pitfalls](c_pitfalls.md)** (156) -- **[c_sharp](c_sharp.md)** (2) -- **[c_tutorial](c_tutorial.md)** (2153) -- **[cache](cache.md)** (27) -- **[cancel_culture](cancel_culture.md)** (4) -- **[cancer](cancer.md)** (25) -- **[capitalism](capitalism.md)** (156) -- **[capitalist_singularity](capitalist_singularity.md)** (4) -- **[capitalist_software](capitalist_software.md)** (28) -- **[cat_v](cat_v.md)** (12) -- **[cc](cc.md)** (6) -- **[cc0](cc0.md)** (14) -- **[censorship](censorship.md)** (48) -- **[chaos](chaos.md)** (108) -- **[charity_sex](charity_sex.md)** (6) -- **[chasm_the_rift](chasm_the_rift.md)** (16) -- **[cheating](cheating.md)** (8) -- **[chess](chess.md)** (303) -- **[chinese](chinese.md)** (13) -- **[cloud](cloud.md)** (8) -- **[coc](coc.md)** (19) -- **[coding](coding.md)** (6) -- **[collapse](collapse.md)** (32) -- **[collision](collision.md)** (8) -- **[collision_detection](collision_detection.md)** (26) -- **[color](color.md)** (29) -- **[combinatorics](combinatorics.md)** (53) -- **[comment](comment.md)** (19) -- **[communism](communism.md)** (27) -- **[competition](competition.md)** (12) -- **[compiler_bomb](compiler_bomb.md)** (11) -- **[complexity](complexity.md)** (6) -- **[compression](compression.md)** (233) -- **[compsci](compsci.md)** (21) -- **[computational_complexity](computational_complexity.md)** (98) -- **[computer](computer.md)** (121) -- **[comun](comun.md)** (180) -- **[consumerism](consumerism.md)** (16) -- **[copyfree](copyfree.md)** (12) -- **[copyleft](copyleft.md)** (30) -- **[copyright](copyright.md)** (54) -- **[corporation](corporation.md)** (20) -- **[cos](cos.md)** (2) -- **[countercomplex](countercomplex.md)** (4) -- **[cpp](cpp.md)** (4) -- **[cpu](cpu.md)** (91) -- **[cracker](cracker.md)** (6) -- **[cracking](cracking.md)** (2) -- **[creative_commons](creative_commons.md)** (34) -- **[crime_against_economy](crime_against_economy.md)** (17) -- **[crow_funding](crow_funding.md)** (4) -- **[crypto](crypto.md)** (34) -- **[css](css.md)** (68) -- **[culture](culture.md)** (24) -- **[cyber](cyber.md)** (2) -- **[czechia](czechia.md)** (26) -- **[data_hoarding](data_hoarding.md)** (31) -- **[data_structure](data_structure.md)** (38) -- **[de_facto](de_facto.md)** (12) -- **[debugging](debugging.md)** (126) -- **[deep_blue](deep_blue.md)** (15) -- **[deferred_shading](deferred_shading.md)** (11) -- **[demo](demo.md)** (7) -- **[democracy](democracy.md)** (15) -- **[demoscene](demoscene.md)** (23) -- **[dependency](dependency.md)** (50) -- **[determinism](determinism.md)** (24) -- **[devuan](devuan.md)** (8) -- **[dick_reveal](dick_reveal.md)** (12) -- **[digital](digital.md)** (14) -- **[digital_signature](digital_signature.md)** (12) -- **[dinosaur](dinosaur.md)** (4) -- **[diogenes](diogenes.md)** (34) -- **[disease](disease.md)** (49) -- **[distance](distance.md)** (128) -- **[distrohopping](distrohopping.md)** (10) -- **[docker](docker.md)** (2) -- **[dodleston](dodleston.md)** (6) -- **[dog](dog.md)** (35) -- **[doom](doom.md)** (56) -- **[double_buffering](double_buffering.md)** (26) -- **[downto](downto.md)** (18) -- **[dramatica](dramatica.md)** (30) -- **[drummyfish](drummyfish.md)** (40) -- **[duke3d](duke3d.md)** (29) -- **[dungeons_and_dragons](dungeons_and_dragons.md)** (10) -- **[duskos](duskos.md)** (32) -- **[dynamic_programming](dynamic_programming.md)** (44) -- **[e](e.md)** (22) -- **[earth](earth.md)** (66) -- **[easier_done_than_said](easier_done_than_said.md)** (4) -- **[easy_to_learn_hard_to_master](easy_to_learn_hard_to_master.md)** (17) -- 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**[yes_they_can](yes_they_can.md)** (10) -- **[youtube](youtube.md)** (29) -- **[zen](zen.md)** (15) -- **[zero](zero.md)** (30) -- **[zuckerberg](zuckerberg.md)** (2) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/wiki_stats.md b/wiki_stats.md index af638ed..35d351a 100644 --- a/wiki_stats.md +++ b/wiki_stats.md @@ -3,9 +3,9 @@ This is an autogenerated article holding stats about this wiki. - number of articles: 588 -- number of commits: 860 -- total size of all texts in bytes: 4194967 -- total number of lines of article texts: 31822 +- number of commits: 861 +- total size of all texts in bytes: 4201344 +- total number of lines of article texts: 31851 - number of script lines: 262 - occurences of the word "person": 7 - occurences of the word "nigger": 91 @@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ longest articles: - [c](c.md): 44K - [programming_language](programming_language.md): 44K - [3d_model](3d_model.md): 40K -- [bloat](bloat.md): 36K - [woman](woman.md): 36K +- [bloat](bloat.md): 36K - [internet](internet.md): 36K - [history](history.md): 32K - [game](game.md): 32K @@ -35,60 +35,78 @@ longest articles: top 50 5+ letter words: -- which (2370) -- there (1825) -- people (1625) -- example (1392) -- other (1295) -- number (1171) -- software (1143) +- which (2375) +- there (1827) +- people (1626) +- example (1396) +- other (1296) +- number (1173) +- software (1144) - about (1125) - program (944) -- because (882) -- their (876) +- because (884) +- their (877) - would (874) -- called (815) -- being (802) -- things (797) +- called (816) +- being (801) +- things (796) - something (792) -- language (784) -- numbers (765) +- language (785) +- numbers (768) - simple (750) - computer (750) - without (710) -- programming (692) -- function (685) -- these (677) -- different (657) -- however (651) -- system (622) +- programming (694) +- function (686) +- these (678) +- different (658) +- however (653) +- system (623) - world (614) - should (603) -- doesn (600) +- doesn (601) - point (586) - games (578) - society (574) - while (570) - drummyfish (549) -- simply (544) - though (543) +- simply (543) - using (538) - still (535) -- possible (524) +- possible (527) +- memory (519) - similar (511) -- memory (511) -- https (505) -- course (503) -- technology (497) -- basically (482) +- https (507) +- course (504) +- technology (496) +- basically (483) - always (481) -- value (476) -- really (472) +- value (479) +- really (473) - first (457) latest changes: ``` +Date: Mon Aug 12 13:51:40 2024 +0200 + c.md + encyclopedia.md + exercises.md + faq.md + forth.md + jokes.md + lrs.md + main.md + minimalism.md + oop.md + people.md + programming_language.md + random_page.md + steve_jobs.md + wiki_pages.md + wiki_stats.md + woman.md Date: Thu Aug 8 22:37:16 2024 +0200 acronym.md bloat.md @@ -110,23 +128,6 @@ Date: Thu Aug 8 22:37:16 2024 +0200 unix_philosophy.md viznut.md wiki_pages.md - wiki_stats.md - xxiivv.md -Date: Tue Aug 6 22:19:44 2024 +0200 - 100r.md - books.md - c.md - consumerism.md - fixed_point.md - forth.md - gui.md - javascript.md - kiss.md - programming_language.md - random_page.md - wiki_pages.md - wiki_stats.md - woman.md ``` most wanted pages: @@ -168,8 +169,8 @@ most popular and lonely pages: - [minimalism](minimalism.md) (93) - [gnu](gnu.md) (91) - [linux](linux.md) (90) +- [programming](programming.md) (85) - [censorship](censorship.md) (85) -- [programming](programming.md) (84) - [fun](fun.md) (84) - [free_culture](free_culture.md) (81) - [fight_culture](fight_culture.md) (81) @@ -183,7 +184,7 @@ most popular and lonely pages: - [foss](foss.md) (75) - [programming_language](programming_language.md) (73) - [corporation](corporation.md) (72) -- [chess](chess.md) (70) +- [chess](chess.md) (71) - ... - [anal_bead](anal_bead.md) (5) - [adam_smith](adam_smith.md) (5) diff --git a/wiki_style.md b/wiki_style.md index f8e7f0e..977e7d7 100644 --- a/wiki_style.md +++ b/wiki_style.md @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ If you contribute, add yourself to [wiki authors](wiki_authors.md)! You can also - The style of this wiki is inspired by the classic hacker culture works such as the [WikiWikiWeb](wikiwikiweb.md) and [Jargon File](jargon_file.md). - **Writing style should be relaxed and in many parts informal**. Formality is used where it is useful (e.g. definitions), most of other text can benefit from being written as a tech conversation among friends. - **Depth/complexity/level of articles**: Articles shouldn't try to go to unnecessary depth, but also shouldn't be shallow. This is written mainly for programmers of [less retarded society](less_retarded_society.md), the complexity should follow from that. Again, start simple and go more into depth later on in the article, very complex things should rather be explained intuitively, no need for complex proofs etc. +- **Provide examples**: definitions give precision but examples give understanding. - **Scope**: don't write about literally everything, include only what's relevant from LRS point of view and only to relevant degree -- for example we could write many articles about OOP design patterns, however as that's a complete capitalist bullshit, this would just be noise from our point of view, it would drown useful content and also waste our effort, so we rather limit ourselves to some kind of tl;dr or OOP design patterns. - **[Future proof](future_proof.md) articles, minimize need for [maintenance](maintenance.md), focus on long term**: unlike Wikipedia we can't (and don't want to) be a dynamic resource that's only ever valid for one day, we want stable articles that will stay relevant forever. Don't go too much into temporary irrelevant shit such as which distro is currently the most bestest or how many forks dwm currently has. I.e. for example lists of software are not very good articles as that's something that will change constantly. List of historical events may be better as those are more or less given and only once in a decade we need to add few new relevant events, possibly also update the view on older ones. An article on mathematical concept on the other hand is quite good as equations are something that just stands valid forever. - **The wiki is kind of a dirty idea dump**, it may contain TODOs, WIPs, errors, ugliness etc., it is not a [finished](finished.md) beautiful and tidy encyclopedia. Remember this wiki is kind of a temporary (though long term) project that's meant to host, communicate and spread ideas that should direct us towards better society, it is a vehicle that should get us somewhere else and will potentially be replaced by something else once we are there. Therefore aims for perfection and beauty shouldn't stand in way of just communicating ideas (i.e. do not delete content for its ugliness if that content is still potentially useful). diff --git a/www.md b/www.md index 93579c1..1b91f3c 100644 --- a/www.md +++ b/www.md @@ -2,17 +2,17 @@ *Want to make your own small website? See our [how to](how_to.md).* -World Wide Web (www or just *the web*) is (or was -- by 2023 mainstream web is dead) a network of interconnected documents on the [Internet](internet.md), which we call *websites* or *webpages*. Webpages are normally written in the [HTML](html.md) [language](language.md) and can refer to each other by [hyperlinks](hyperlink.md) ("clickable" links right in the text). The web itself works on top of the [HTTP](http.md) protocol which says how clients and servers communicate. Some people confuse the web with the Internet, but of course those people are retarded: web is just one of many so called services existing on the Internet (other ones being e.g. [email](email.md) or [torrents](torrent.md)). In order to browse the web you need an Internet connection and a [web browser](browser.md). +World Wide Web (www or just *the web*) is (or was -- by 2023 mainstream web is dead) a [network](network.md) of interconnected documents on the [Internet](internet.md), which we call *websites* or *webpages*. Webpages are normally written in the [HTML](html.md) [language](language.md) and can refer to each other by [hyperlinks](hyperlink.md) ("clickable" links right in the text). The web itself works on top of the [HTTP](http.md) protocol which dictates how clients and servers communicate. Less knowledgeable people confuse the web with the Internet, but of course those people are retarded: web is just one of many services existing on the Internet (other ones being e.g. [email](email.md) or [torrents](torrent.md)). In order to browse the web you need an Internet connection and a [web browser](browser.md). { **How to browse the web in the [age of shit](21st_century.md)?** Currently my "workflow" is following: I use the [badwolf](badwolf.md) browser (a super suckless, very fast from-scratch browser that allows turning JavaScript on/off, i.e. I mostly browse [small web](smol_internet.md) without JS but can still do banking etc.) with a **CUSTOM START PAGE** that I completely own and which only changes when I want it to -- this start page is just my own tiny HTML on my disk that has links to my favorite sites (which serves as my suckless "bookmark" system) AND a number of search bars for different search engines (Google, Duckduckgo, Yandex, wiby, Searx, marginalia, Right Dao, ...). This is important as nowadays you mustn't rely on Google or any other single search engine -- I just use whichever engine I deem best for my request at any given time. ~drummyfish } -An important part of the web is also searching its vast amounts of information with [search engines](search_engine.md) such as the infamous [Google](google.md) engine. It also relies on systems such as [DNS](dns.md). +An important part of the web is also searching its vast oceans of information with [search engines](search_engine.md) such as the infamous [Google](google.md) engine. Websites have human readable [url](url.md) addresses thanks to [DNS](dns.md). -Mainstream web is now EXTREMELY [bloated](bloat.md) and practically unusable, for more [suckless](suckless.md) alternatives see [gopher](gopher.md). See also [smol web](smol_internet.md). +Mainstream web is now EXTREMELY [bloated](bloat.md), unusable and beyond saving, for more [suckless](suckless.md) alternatives see [gopher](gopher.md). See also [smol web](smol_internet.md). -The web used to be perhaps the greatest part of the Internet, the thing that made Internet widespread, however it quickly deteriorated by [capitalist](capitalism.md) mainstreamization and commercialization and by now, in 2020s, it is one of the most illustrative, depressing and most hilarious examples of [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) [bloat](bloat.md). A nice article about the issue, called *The Website Obesity Crisis*, can be found at https://idlewords.com/talks/website_obesity.htm. There is a tool for measuring website bloat at https://www.webbloatscore.com/: it computes the ratio of the page size to the size of its screenshot (e.g. [YouTube](youtube.md) currently scores 35.7). +Prior to the tragedy of [mainstreamization](mainstream.md) the web used to be perhaps the greatest and most spectacular part of the whole Internet, the service that made Internet widespread, however it soon deteriorated by [capitalist](capitalism.md) interests, commercialization and subsequent invasion of idiots from real world; by this date, in 2020s, it is one of the most illustrative, depressing and also hilarious examples of [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) [bloat](bloat.md). A good article about the issue, called *The Website Obesity Crisis*, can be found at https://idlewords.com/talks/website_obesity.htm. There is a tool for measuring website bloat at https://www.webbloatscore.com/: it computes the ratio of the page size to the size of its screenshot (e.g. [YouTube](youtube.md) currently scores 35.7). -Currently there are visions of so called **"[web 3](web3.md)"** which should be the "next iteration" of the web with new [paradigms](paradigm.md), making use of "[modern](modern.md)" (i.e. probably shitty) technology such as [bloackchain](blockchain.mg); they say web 3 wants to use [decentralization](decentralization.md) to prevent central control and possibly things like [censorship](censorship.md), however [we](lrs.md) can almost certainly guarantee web 3 will be yet exponentially greater pile of [bloat](bloat.md) and a worse dystopia than what we have yet seen, we simply have to leave this ship sink. If web 3 will be what web 2.0 was to web 1.0, then indeed we are [doomed](doom.md). Our prediction is that web will simply lose its status of the biggest Internet service just as [Usenet](usenet.md) did, or like TV lost its status of the main audiovisual media; web will be replaced by something like akin "islands of franchised social media accessed through apps"; it will still be around but will be just a huge ad-littered swamp inferior to [teletext](teletext.md) where the elderly go to share pictures no one wants to see and where guys go to masturbate. +Currently a "vision" hangs in the air of so called **"[web 3](web3.md)"** which is supposed to be the "next iteration" of the web with new "[paradigms](paradigm.md)", making use of "[modern](modern.md)" (i.e. probably shitty) technology such as [bloackchain](blockchain.mg); they say web 3 wants to use [decentralization](decentralization.md) to prevent central control and possibly things like [censorship](censorship.md), however [we](lrs.md) can almost certainly guarantee web 3 will be yet exponentially amplified pile of [bloat](bloat.md), garbage and a worse dystopia than our nightmares were able to come up with so far, we simply have to leave this ship sink. If web 3 is what web 2.0 was to web 1.0, then indeed we are [doomed](doom.md). Our prediction is that web will simply lose its status of the biggest Internet service just as [Usenet](usenet.md) did, or like TV lost its status of the main audiovisual media; web will be replaced by something like akin "islands of franchised social media accessed through apps"; it will still be around but will be just a huge ad-littered swamp inferior to [teletext](teletext.md) where the elderly go to share pictures no one wants to see and where guys go to masturbate. ## How It Went To Shit @@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ Currently there are visions of so called **"[web 3](web3.md)"** which should be { Ah this pseudoimage above [made it to Encyclopedia Dramatica](https://encyclopediadramatica.top/index.php?title=Internets&oldid=4018#In_a_nutshell) :D Thank you kind stranger <3 ~drummyfish } -Back in the day (90s and early 2000s) web used to be a place of freedom working more or less in a decentralized manner, on [anarchist](anarchism.md) and often even [communist](communism.md) principles --⁠ people used to have their own unique websites where they shared freely and openly, [censorship](censorship.md) was difficult to implement and mostly non-existent and websites used to have a much better design, were [KISS](kiss.md), safer, "open" (no paywalls, registration walls, country blocks, [DRM](drm.md), ...), MUCH faster and more robust as they were pure [HTML](html.md) documents. It was also the case that most websites were truly nice, useful and each one had a "soul" as they were usually made by passionate nerds who had a creative freedom and true desires to create a nice website (yes, even if they were making a commercial website for some company). +Back in the day (90s and early 2000s) web used to be a place of freedom working more or less in a decentralized manner, on the principles of [free speech](free_speech.md), [anarchism](anarchism.md) and, to the [Yankee](usa.md)'s dismay, even [communism](communism.md) --⁠ people used to run their own unique, non-commercial websites where they shared freely and openly, [censorship](censorship.md) was difficult to implement, unwelcome and therefore mostly non-existent and websites used to have a way better design, they were [KISS](kiss.md), lightweight, safer, "open" (no paywalls, registration walls, country blocks, [DRM](drm.md), ...), MUCH faster and more robust as they were pure [HTML](html.md) documents, without scripts, "[apps](app.md)", jumpscare [ads](marketing.md) -- simply without [bullshit](bullshit.md). It was also the case that most websites were truly nice, useful and each one had a "soul" as they were usually made by passionate nerds who had a creative freedom and true desires to create a good website (and this still continued for a while after the invasion of businesses, i.e. commercial sites were still pretty bearable). -As the time marched on web used to become more and more [shit](shit.md), as is the case with everything touched by [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) hand -- the advent of so called **web 2.0** brought about a lot of [complexity](complexity.md), websites started to incorporate client-side scripts ([JavaScript](javascript.md), [Flash](flash.md), [Java](java.md) applets, ...) which led to many negative things such as incompatibility with browsers (kickstarting browser consumerism and [update culture](update_culture.md)), performance loss and security vulnerabilities (web pages now became programs rather than mere documents) and more complexity in web browsers, which leads to immense [bloat](bloat.md) and browser [monopolies](bloat_monopoly.md) (greater effort is needed to develop a browser, making it a privilege of those who can afford it, and those can subsequently dictate de-facto standards that further strengthen their monopolies). Another disaster came with **[social networks](social_network.md)** in mid 2000s, most notably [Facebook](facebook.md) but also [YouTube](youtube.md), [Twitter](twitter.md) and others, which centralized the web and rid people of control. Out of comfort people stopped creating and hosting own websites and rather created a page on Facebook. This gave the power to corporations and allowed **mass-surveillance**, **mass-censorship** and **propaganda brainwashing**. As the web became more and more popular, corporations and governments started to take more control over it, creating technologies and laws to make it less free. By 2020, the good old web is but a memory and a hobby of a few boomers, everything is controlled by corporations, infected with billions of unbearable ads, [DRM](drm.md), malware (trackers, [crypto](crypto.md) miners, ...), there exist no good web browsers, web pages now REQUIRE JavaScript even if it's not needed in principle due to which they are painfully slow and buggy, there are restrictive laws and censorship and de-facto laws (site policies) put in place by corporations controlling the web. Official web standards, libraries and frameweworks got into such an unbelievably bloated, complicated, corrupted and degenerated state (look up e.g. [Shadow DOM](shadow_dom.md)) that one cannot but stare in astonishment about the stupidity. +As the time marched on web used to stink more and more of [shit](shit.md), as is the fate of everything touched by the [capitalist](capitalist_software.md) hand -- the advent of so called **web 2.0** brought about a lot of [complexity](complexity.md), websites started to incorporate and push client-side scripts ([JavaScript](javascript.md), [Flash](flash.md), [Java](java.md) applets, ...) which led to many negative things such as incompatibility with browsers (kickstarting browser [consumerism](consumerism.md) and [update culture](update_culture.md)), performance loss and security vulnerabilities (web pages now became programs rather than mere documents) and more complexity in web browsers, which leads to immense [bloat](bloat.md) and browser [monopolies](bloat_monopoly.md) (higher effort is needed to develop a browser, making it a privilege of those who can afford it, and those can subsequently dictate de-facto standards that further strengthen their monopolies). Another disaster came with **[social networks](social_network.md)** in mid 2000s, most notably [Facebook](facebook.md) but also [YouTube](youtube.md), [Twitter](twitter.md) and others, which centralized the web and rid people of control. Out of comfort people stopped creating and hosting own websites and rather created a page on Facebook. This gave the power to corporations and allowed **mass-surveillance**, **mass-censorship** and **propaganda brainwashing**. As the web became more and more popular, corporations and governments started to take more control over it, creating technologies and laws to make it less free. By 2020, the good old web is but a memory and a hobby of a few boomers, everything is controlled by corporations, infected with billions of unbearable ads, [DRM](drm.md), malware (trackers, [crypto](crypto.md) miners, ...), there exist no good web browsers, web pages now REQUIRE JavaScript even if it's not needed in principle due to which they are painfully slow and buggy, there are restrictive laws and censorship and de-facto laws (site policies) put in place by corporations controlling the web. Official web standards, libraries and frameweworks got into such an unbelievably bloated, complicated, corrupted and degenerated state (look up e.g. [Shadow DOM](shadow_dom.md)) that one cannot but stare in astonishment about the stupidity. Mainstream web is quite literally unusable nowadays. { 2023 update: whole web is now behind [cuckflare](cloudfare.md) plus [secure HTTPS safety privacy antipedophile science encrypted privacy antiterrorist democratic safety privacy security expert antiracist sandboxed protection](https.md) and therefore literally can't be used. Also Google has been absolutely destroyed by the [LLM](llm.md) AIs now. ~drummyfish } What people searched for on the web they now search on on a handful of platforms like Facebook and YouTube (often not even using a web browser but rather a mobile "[app](app.md)"); if you try to "google" something, what you get is just a list of unusable sites written by [AIs](ai.md) that load for several minutes (unless you have the latest 1024 TB RAM beast) and won't let you read beyond the first paragraph without registration. These sites are uplifted by [SEO](seo.md) for pure commercial reasons, they contain no useful information, just ads. Useful sites are buried under several millions of unusable results or downright censored for political reasons (e.g. using some forbidden word). Thankfully you can still try to browse the [smol web](smol_internet.md) with search engines such as [wiby](wiby.md), but still that only gives a glimpse of what the good old web used to be. @@ -58,19 +58,19 @@ WHY does every fucking SINGLE ONE, EVERY SINGLE WEBSITE ON EARTH have to have ad ## History -As with most revolutionary things the web didn't really appear out of nowhere, the ideas it employed were tried before, for example the [NABU](nabu.md) network did something similar even 10 years before the web; similarly [Usenet](usenet.md), the [BBS](bbs.md) networks and so on. However it wasn't until the end of 1980s that all the right ideas would come together under the right circumstances and had a bit of luck to get really popular. +As with most groundbreaking inventions the web didn't appear out of nowhere, as may seem in retrospect -- the ideas it employed were tried in times prior, for example the [NABU](nabu.md) network did something similar even 10 years before the web; likewise [Usenet](usenet.md), the [BBS](bbs.md) networks and so on. Nevertheless it wouldn't be until the end of 1980s that all the right ingredients came together in the right mix, under ideal circumstances and with a bit of luck to get really popular. -World Wide Web was invented by an English computer scientist [Tim Berners-Lee](berners_lee.md). In 1980 he employed [hyperlinks](hyperlink.md) in a notebook program called ENQUIRE, he saw the idea was good. On March 12 1989 he was working at [CERN](cern.md) where he proposed a system called "web" that would use [hypertext](hypertext.md) to link documents (the term hypertext was already around). He also considered the name *Mesh* but settled on *World Wide Web* eventually. He started to implement the system with a few other people. At the end of 1990 they already had implemented the [HTTP](http.md) protocol for client-server communication, the [HTML](html.md), language for writing websites, the first web server and the first [web browser](browser.md) called *WorldWideWeb*. They set up the first website http://info.cern.ch that contained information about the project (still accessible as of writing this). +World Wide Web was invented by an English computer scientist [Tim Berners-Lee](berners_lee.md). In 1980 he employed [hyperlinks](hyperlink.md) in a notebook program called ENQUIRE and he saw the idea was good. On March 12 1989 he was working at [CERN](cern.md) where he proposed a system called "web" that would use [hypertext](hypertext.md) to link documents (the term hypertext was already around). He also considered the name *Mesh* but settled on *World Wide Web* eventually. He started to implement the system with a few other people. At the end of 1990 they already had implemented the [HTTP](http.md) protocol for client-server communication, the [HTML](html.md), language for writing websites, the first web server and the first [web browser](browser.md) called *WorldWideWeb*. They set up the first website http://info.cern.ch that contained information about the project (still accessible as of writing this). In 1993 CERN made the web [public domain](public_domain.md), free for anyone without any licensing requirements. The main reason was to gain advantage over competing systems such as [Gopher](gopher.md) that were [proprietary](proprietary.md). By 1994 there were over 500 web servers around the world. WWW Consortium ([W3M](w3m.md)) was established to maintain standards for the web. A number of new browsers were written such as the text-only [Lynx](lynx.md), but the [proprietary](proprietary.md) [Netscape Navigator](netscape_navigator.md) would go to become the most popular one until [Micro$oft](microsoft)'s [Internet Explorer](internet_explorer.md) (see [browser wars](browser_wars.md)). In 1997 [Google](google.md) search engine appeared, as well as [CSS](css.md). There was a economic bubble connected to the explosion of the Web called the [dot-comm boom](dot_com_boom.md). -Between 2000 and 2010 there used to be a mobile alternative to the web called [WAP](wap.md). Back then mobile phones were significantly weaker than PCs so the whole protocol was simplified, e.g. it had a special markup language called [WML](wml.md) instead of [HTML](html.md). But as the phones got more powerful they simply started to support normal web and WAP disappeared. +Interesting between 2000 and 2010 a mobile alternative to the web, called [WAP](wap.md), briefly came to the scene. Back then mobile phones were significantly weaker than PCs so the whole protocol was simplified, e.g. it had a special markup language called [WML](wml.md) instead of [HTML](html.md). But as the phones got more powerful they simply started to support normal web and WAP had to say goodbye. -Around 2005, the time when [YouTube](youtube.md), [Twitter](twitter.md), [Facebook](facebook.md) and other shit sites started to appear and become popular, so called [Web 2.0](web_20.md) started to form. This was a shift in the web's paradigm towards more [shittiness](shit.md) such as more [JavaScript](javascript.md), [bloat](bloat.md), interactivity, websites as programs, [Flash](flash.md), [social networks](social_network.md) etc. This would be the beginning of the web's downfall. +Around 2005, when [YouTube](youtube.md), [Twitter](twitter.md), [Facebook](facebook.md) and other shit websites (or shall we say "webshites"?) started to appear and stole the mainstream popularity, so called [Web 2.0](web_20.md) began to form. This was a shift (or shall we say "[shit](shit.md)"?) in the web's paradigm towards more ugliness and hostility such as more [JavaScript](javascript.md), [bloat](bloat.md), interactivity, websites as programs, [Flash](flash.md), [social networks](social_network.md) etc. This would be the beginning of the web's downfall. ## How It Works -It's all pretty well known, but in case you're a nub... +It's all pretty well known, but in case you're dumb... Users browse the Internet using [web browsers](browser.md), programs made specifically for this purpose. Pages on the [Internet](internet.md) are addressed by their [URL](url.md), a kind of textual address such as `http://www.mysite.org/somefile.html`. This address is entered into the web browser, the browser retrieves it and displays it. diff --git a/zero.md b/zero.md index 6b4ddac..fd6ad85 100644 --- a/zero.md +++ b/zero.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ # Zero -Zero (0) is a [number](number.md) signifying the absence of a thing we count. Among [integers](integer.md) it precedes [1](one.md) and follows -1. +Zero (0) is a [number](number.md) signifying the absence of the thing we count. It's the mathematical way of saying "nothing". Among [integers](integer.md) it precedes [1](one.md) and follows -1. -Some properties of and facts about this number follow: +Some properties of and facts about the number zero follow: - It is [even](even.md). - It is neither positive nor negative, it lies exactly on the boundary of positive and negative numbers. However in some computer numeric encodings (such as [one's complement](ones_complement.md)) there exist two representations of zero and so we may hear about a positive and negative zero, even though mathematically there is no such a thing. @@ -14,17 +14,18 @@ Some properties of and facts about this number follow: - 0^*x* (zero to the power of *x*), for *x* not equal to 0, is always 0. - *x*^0 (*x* to the power of 0), for *x* not equal to 0, is always 1. - 0^0 (0 to the power of 0) is generally **not defined**! However sometimes it's convenient to define it as equal to 1. -- In programming we start counting from 0 (unlike in real life where we start with 1), so we may encounter the term **zeroth** item. We count from 0 because we normally express offsets from the first item, i.e. 0 means "0 places after the first item". +- In [programming](programming.md) we start counting from 0 (unlike in real life where we start with 1), so we may encounter the term **zeroth** item (we say such system of counting is *zero-based*). We count from 0 because we normally express offsets from the first item, i.e. 0 means "0 places after the initial item". - It is, along with 1, one of the symbols used in [binary](binary.md) logic and is normally interpreted as the "off"/"false"/"low" value. - Its opposite is most often said to be the [infinity](infinity.md), even though it depends on the angle of view and the kind of infinity we talk about. Other numbers may be seen as its opposite as well (e.g. 1 in the context of [probability](probability.md)). - As it is one of the most commonly used numbers in programming, computers sometimes deal with it in special ways, for example in [assembly](assembly.md) languages there are often special instructions for comparing to 0 (e.g. `NEZ`, not equals zero) which can save memory and also be faster. So as a programmer you may optimize your program by trying to use zeros if possible. - In [C](c.md) and many other languages 0 represents the [false](false.md) value, a function returning 0 many times signifies an [error](error.md) during the execution of that function. However 0 also sometimes means success, e.g. as a return value from the main function. 0 is also often used to signify [infinity](infinity.md), no limit or lack of value (e.g. [NULL](null.md) pointer normally points to address 0 and means "pointing nowhere"). - [Historically](history.md) the concept of number zero seems to have appeared at least 3000 BC and is thought to signify an advanced abstract thinking, though it was first used only as a positional symbol for writing numbers and only later on took the meaning of a number signifying "nothing". -**Dividing by zero is not defined**, it is a forbidden operation mainly because it breaks equations (allowing dividing by zero would also allow us to make basically any equation hold, even those that normally don't). In programming dividing by zero typically causes an error, crash of a program or an [exception](exception.md). In some programming languages [floating point](float.md) division by zero results in [infinity](infinity.md) or [NaN](nan.md). When operating with [limits](limit.md), we can handle divisions by zero in a special way (find out what value an [expression](expression.md) approaches if we get infinitely close to dividing by 0). +It's common knowledge that **dividing by zero is not defined** (although zero itself can be divided), it is a forbidden operation mainly because it breaks equations (allowing dividing by zero would also allow us to make basically any equation hold, even those that normally don't). In programming dividing by zero typically causes an error, crash of a program or an [exception](exception.md). In some programming languages [floating point](float.md) division by zero results in [infinity](infinity.md) or [NaN](nan.md). When operating with [limits](limit.md), we can handle divisions by zero in a special way (find out what value an [expression](expression.md) approaches if we get infinitely close to dividing by 0). ## See Also +- [nothing](nothing.md) - [NULL](null.md) - [infinity](infinity.md) - [one](one.md)