Update
parent
3de5192a17
commit
b6b9958383
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
# Football
|
||||
|
||||
*Not to be confused with any [American](usa.md) pseudosport.*
|
||||
|
||||
Football is one of the most famous [sport](sport.md) [games](game.md) in which two teams face each other and try to score goals by kicking an inflated ball. It is one of the best sports not only because it is genuinely [fun](fun.md) to play and watch but also because of its essentially simple rules, accessibility (not for rich only, all that's really needed is something resembling a ball) and relatively low discrimination -- basically anyone can play it, unlike for example basketball in which height is key; in amateur football even fat people can take part (they are usually assigned the role of a goalkeeper). [Idiots](usa.md) call football *soccer*.
|
||||
|
||||
We, [LRS](lrs.md), highly value football, as it's a very [KISS](kiss.md) sport that can be played by anyone anywhere without needing expensive equipment. It is the sport of the people, very popular in poor parts of the world.
|
||||
|
||||
Football can be implemented as a video [game](game.md) or inspire a game mode -- this has been done e.g. in [Xonotic](xonotic.md) (the Nexball mode) or [SuperTuxKart](supertuxkart.md).
|
||||
|
||||
## Rules
|
||||
|
||||
As football is so widely played on all levels and all around the world, there are many versions and rule sets of different games in the *football* family, and it can sometimes be difficult to even say what classifies as football and what's a different sport. There are games like futsal and beach football that may or may not be seen as a different sport. The most official rules of what we'd call football are probably those known as *Laws of the Game* governed by International Football Association Board (IFAB) -- these rules are used e.g. by FIFA, various national competitions etc. Some organizations, e.g. some in the [US](usa.md), use different but usually similar rules. We needn't say these high level rules are pretty complex -- *Laws of the Game* have over 200 pages and talk not just about the mechanics of the game but also things such as allowed advertising, political and religious symbolism, referee behavior etc.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a simple ASCII rendering of the football pitch:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
C1_________________________________________C2
|
||||
| : |
|
||||
| : |
|
||||
|........ : ........|
|
||||
| : : : |
|
||||
|.... : : : ....|
|
||||
__| : : : : : |__
|
||||
|G : : : : : : : G|
|
||||
|1 : : : O : : : 2|
|
||||
|__: : : : : : :__|
|
||||
|...: : : : :...|
|
||||
| : : : |
|
||||
|.......: : :.......|
|
||||
| : |
|
||||
| : |
|
||||
|____________________:____________________|
|
||||
C3 C4
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In amateur games simpler rules are used -- a sum up of such rules follows:
|
||||
|
||||
- There are **two teams** of players facing each other in a match, officially 11 players on each team (10 "normal" players and one goal keeper), but of course this can wildly differ in just for fun games (street rules may also state that there is no fixed goal keeper; goal keeper is the one currently closest to own goal, or there may simply be no goal keeper at all, especially with small goals). Each team usually wears different colors so they're easily distinguished.
|
||||
- The match is played on a flat **rectangular field** (officially between 100x64 and 110x75 meters, but for fewer player this can of course be much smaller) where there are **two goals** in the center of the shorter sides. Each team has one goal (which may be as simple as two shoes marking the goal borders) into which the opponent team tries to score goals.
|
||||
- There is **one ball** in the game, players move the ball by kicking it with their feet -- they may use other body parts too **except for their arms**. The exception is goal keeper who may touch the ball also with his arms and hands, but only within the small area near the goal he protects. If no ball is available other things resembling it may be used.
|
||||
- The game starts with both teams on their half of the field, one is given the possession of the ball (this is usually decided by coin toss, but sometimes e.g. one team is given the choice of goal and other one gets the ball).
|
||||
- If the ball ends up in one team's goal, the opposite team **scores a point** and the game is restarted.
|
||||
- If the ball leaves the play field on one of the longer sides, the team who's player didn't touch the ball last gets a **throw-in** -- one player takes the ball in his hands and throws it to the play field from the point at which the ball left the field. If a game is played in an environment which the ball cannot leave (e.g. a small sport hall), this rule is simply ignored.
|
||||
- If the ball leaves the play field on one of the shorter sides, then two things may happen. If the ball was last touched by the team whose goal is on the side at which the ball left the field, the opposite team gets a **corner kick** (a free kick from the nearest corner of the field). Otherwise the goal keeper of the goal on the side where the ball left the play field gets a kick off from near his goal.
|
||||
- **Offside**: this is the infamous rule that [women](woman.md) don't get. This rule basically states that it is illegal for a player to get the ball while he's on the opponent's half and at the time the ball started to be passed to him he was closer to the opponent's goal than the second to last opponent's player (usually the back-most defender). This is so that one player doesn't just camp in front of the opponent's goal and wait for a long pass to score and easy goal. However in fun games this rule may be just ignored.
|
||||
- There are **punishments** for breaking the rules (e.g. playing with arm, attacking the opponent player or stalling the game) which include a free kick (from the spot at which an offense happened), a penalty kick (one player gets a free kick on the opponent's goal with goal keeper from certain distance), yellow card (warning to a player), red card (given after yellow card, the player has to leave the game) etc.
|
||||
- The game is played in **two halves**, each one officially 45 minutes long, but in fun games the number of parts and their duration is pretty arbitrary. After the first half there is a short rest pause and the teams switch sides. After the second half whichever team has scored more points wins. If the score is equal, the match may be prolonged as a tie breaker, either just by adding more time or playing the instant death. If no winner is decided here, there may eventually be penalty kicks to decide the winner.
|
||||
- It's good if there's a referee, but if there is none, players just enforce the rules collectively.
|
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
# Neural Network
|
||||
|
||||
{ Not my field, learning on the go, watch out for errors! ~drummyfish }
|
||||
|
||||
In [artificial intelligence](ai.md) a neural network (also *neural net* or just NN) is a system simulating natural biological neural network, i.e. a biological system found in living organisms, most importantly in our brain. Neural networks are just another kind of [technology](tech.md) inspired by nature's ingenuity -- they try to mimic and simulate the naturally evolved structure of systems such as brain in hopes of making computers learn and "think" like living beings do, and in recent years they started achieving just that, with great success. Neural network are related to the term [deep learning](deep_learning.md) which basically stands for training multi-layered neural networks.
|
||||
|
||||
Even though neural networks absolutely aren't the only possible model used in [machine learning](machine_learning.md) (see e.g. [Markov chains](markov_chain.md), [k-NN](k_nn.md), [support vector machines](svn.md), ...), they seem to be the most promising one -- nowadays neural networks are experiencing a boom and practically all AI research revolves around them; they already made their way from research to practice, not only do the play games such as [chess](chess.md) on superhuman level, they already create extremely complex art and show some kind of understanding of pictures, video, audio and text on a human level (see [chatGPT](chat_gpt.md), [stockfish](stockfish.md), stable diffusion etcetc.), and even surpass humans at specialized tasks. Most importantly of course people use this for generating [porn](porn.md), see e.g. [deepfakes](deepfake.md). The exceptional results are already being labelled "scary" due to fears of [technological singularity](tech_singularity.md), "taking jobs", possible "unethical uses" etc.
|
||||
|
||||
**Currently neural networks seem to be bringing back [analog](analog.md) computing.** As of 2023 most neural networks are still simulated with [digital](digital.md) computers, but due to the fact that such networks are analog and parallel in nature the digital approach is inelegant (we make digital devices out of analog circuits and then try to make them behave like analog devices again) and inefficient (in terms of energy consumption). Therefore analog is making a comeback and researchers are experimenting with analog implementations, most notably electronic (classic electronic circuits) and photonic (optics-based) ones. Keep in mind that digital and analog networks are compatible; you can for example train a network digitally and then, once you've found a satisfying network, implement it as analog so that you can e.g. put it in a cellphone so that it doesn't drain too much energy. Analog networks may of course be embedded in digital devices (we don't need to go full analog).
|
||||
|
||||
**[Hardware](hw.md) acceleration of neural networks is being developed.** Similarly to how [GPUs](gpu.md) arised to accelerate computer [graphics](graphics.md) during the 90s video game boom, similar hardware is arising for accelerating neural network computations -- these are called **[AI accelerators](ai_accelerator.md)**, notably e.g. Google's [TPU](tpu.md) (tensor processing unit). Currently GPUs are still mostly used for neural networks -- purely software networks are too slow. It is possible that future neural network hardware will be analog-based, as mentioned above.
|
||||
|
||||
## Details
|
||||
|
||||
At the highest level neural network is just a [black box](black_box.md) with *N* real number inputs and *M* real number outputs. For example we may have input values such as *age*, *height*, *weight*, *blood pressure*, and two output values, one saying the expected years to live and the other one saying the confidence of this prediction. Inside this box there is network of neurons that we can train (adjust with different learning [algorithms](algorithm.md)) so that it transforms the input values into output values in a correct way (i.e. here makes useful predictions).
|
||||
|
||||
Note that a traditional feed-forward neural network is just a network similar to e.g. a simple [logic circuit](logic_circuit.md), it is NOT a universal [Turing complete](turing_completeness.md) [model of computation](model_of_computation.md) like [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) or [lambda calculus](lambda_calculus.md) because it cannot for example perform loops or take arbitrarily sized input (the number of input values is fixed for given network). Neural network just takes the input numbers and in a certain fixed time (which theoretically doesn't depend on the input) runs it through the network to obtain the output numbers, i.e. it's best to view it as approximating a mathematical [function](function.md) rather than interpreting an algorithm. Of course, a neural network itself can be (and in practice is) embedded in a more complicated system that can do all the above, but in its simple form it's just a bunch of connections between inputs and outputs.
|
||||
|
||||
TODO
|
||||
|
||||
## History
|
||||
|
||||
TODO
|
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
# Smart
|
||||
|
||||
The adjective "smart", as in e.g. *smartphone*, is in the context of [modern](modern.md) technology used as a euphemism for malicious features that include [spyware](spyware.md), [bloat](bloat.md), [DRM](drm.md), ads, programmed [planned obsolescence](planned_obsolescence.md), unnecessary [dependencies](dependency.md) (such as required Internet connection), anti-repair design and others. "Smart" technology is far inferior to traditional technology and usually just downright harmful to its users and society as a whole, but normal (i.e. retarded) people think it's good because it has a nice name, so they buy and support such technology. They are [slowly boiled](slowly_boiling_the_frog.md) to accept "smart" technology as the standard.
|
||||
*Smart, smells like fart.*
|
||||
|
||||
The adjective "smart", as in e.g. *smartphone*, is in the context of [modern](modern.md) [capitalist technology](capitalist_technology.md) used as a euphemism for malicious features that include [spyware](spyware.md), [bloat](bloat.md), obscurity, [DRM](drm.md), ads, programmed [planned obsolescence](planned_obsolescence.md), unnecessary [dependencies](dependency.md) (such as required Internet connection), anti-repair design and others. "Smart" technology is far inferior to the traditional "dumb" technology and usually just downright [harmful](harmful.md) to its users and society as a whole, but normal (i.e. retarded) people think it's good because it has a cool name, so they buy and support such technology. They are [slowly boiled](slowly_boiling_the_frog.md) to accept "smart" technology as the standard.
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue