Update

21st_century.md

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Millions of animals are tortured and brutally murdered on a daily basis in city-
 
 Presumably the most difficult challenge amidst all this [evil](evil.md) is not to become evil yourself, the whole society is pressuring you to do every single day and that is why practically everybody has given in. Those resisting are swiftly removed, forbidden from reproducing and ensured to die -- that is why there are no more good people around. This is nothing short of a genocide of the good people.
 
-Maybe most depressing of all is that a reader of this article, himself living in this hell, will think it's a [joke](jokes.md) or exaggeration while it's in fact just an exact, accurate description stripped of lies, propaganda and fake [optimism](optimism.md). People think this is a joke or sarcasm because it would be unbearable to accept the reality of living in such an absurd world, it's better for them to cover the fact with laughter as if it then made it not real.
+Possibly the most devastating fact is however that a reader of this article, himself experiencing the hell, will judge it's a [joke](jokes.md) or satire while in fact it's nothing but a perfectly accurate description stripped of lies, propaganda and fake delusional [optimism](optimism.md). People think this is a joke or sarcasm because it would be unbearable to accept the reality of living in such an absurd world, it's better for them to cover the fact with laughter as if it then made it not real.
 
 Never before has the world witnessed such downfall as the 21st century, a chilling horror devoid of all humanity. No sincerity exists anymore, only fakes, as everyone seeks some kind of [capital](capitalism.md) now, no [art](art.md) is genuine anymore, no soul present in any craft, there is no place for soul among pure self interest -- in spite of world filled with bright colors and infantile pictures, everyone's miserable and frightened, it's like a world full of creepy clowns, cartoon animals are dancing around in [ads](marketing.md) and movies but you know it's all just soulless robots beneath the shell, something aimed purely at taking advantage of you, at entertaining you as you're being raped. They will torture you to death with a smile on their face.
 

bit_hack.md

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Unless noted otherwise we suppose [C](c.md) syntax and semantics and integer [da
 
 **clear (to 0) rightmost 1 bit of x**: `x & (x - 1)`
 
-**conditionally add (subtract etc.) x and y based on condition c (c is 0 or 1)**: `x + ((0 - c) & y)`, this avoids branches AND ALSO multiplication by c, of course you may replace + by another operators.
+**conditionally add (subtract, or etc.) x and y based on condition c (c is 0 or 1)**: `x + (y & (0 - c))` or `x + (y & ~(c - 1))`, this avoids branches AND ALSO multiplication by c, of course you may replace `+` by other operators.
 
 **count 0 bits of x**: Count 1 bits and subtract from data type width.
 
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ Unless noted otherwise we suppose [C](c.md) syntax and semantics and integer [da
 
 **divide x by 5 (unsigned at least 16 bit, x < 256)**: `((x + 1) * 51) >> 8`, analogous to divide by 3.
 
+**expand lowest bit (two's complement)** (i.e. 0 to all 0s and 1 to all 1s): `~(x - 1)` or `0 - x`
+
 **get Nth bit of x**: `(x >> N) & 0x01`
 
 **is x a power of 2?**: `x && ((x & (x - 1)) == 0)`

exercises.md

@@ -546,7 +546,8 @@ Bear in mind this is not a school test that's supposed to decide if you get to a
 133. You have 7 [fat](body_shaming.md), horribly smelling [transsexual](transsexual.md) [reddit](reddit.md) admins who all stink exactly the same except for one, which smells yet a little worse. You have a smell comparator with two chambers: you can put any number of people into the chambers and the machine will tell you if the total smell in one chamber is worse, better or equal to than in the other chamber. You can only afford to perform two measurements. How do you identify the worst smelling redditor?
 134. Find the [square root](sqrt.md) of the [complex number](complex_number.md) *[i](i.md)*.
 135. Fred has two (half) brothers, Abe and Greg. Greg is also Fred's grandfather and Abe is Fred's father and half cousin. How is this possible?
-136. Did you enjoy this quiz?
+136. What is a universal [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) and how do we make one from an "ordinary" Turing machine (just explain the principle)?
+137. Did you enjoy this quiz?
 
 ### Answers
 
@@ -685,7 +686,8 @@ Bear in mind this is not a school test that's supposed to decide if you get to a
 133. Put three and three into the two comparator chambers, leave one outside. If the smells are equal, the one outside is the worst smelling. Otherwise take the three people out of the worse smelling chamber and do the same: put one in one chamber, another in the other chamber and leave one outside. If the smells are equal, the one outside is the worst smelling, otherwise it's the one in the worse smelling chamber.
 134. Start with the equation *(a + b * i)^2 = i*, you have to find *a* and *b*. This will expand to *a^2 + 2 * a * b * i -b^2 = i* which we can get to the form: *2 * a * b * i + a^2 = i + b^2*; so, equating the real and imaginary parts, we now know that *abs(a) = abs(b)* and *2 * a * b = 1*. From this we can deduce both solution, one is *1/sqrt(2) + i/sqrt(2)*, the other *-1/sqrt(2) - i/sqrt(2)* (any one will suffice as the correct solution).
 135. They live in Alabama :D Greg had a son with his mother: Abe; then Abe had a son with the same woman: Fred. All men are half brothers as they share a mother, Greg is also Fred's half uncle (is his father's half brother) and grandfather (father of his father), Abe is the son of Fred's half uncle so he is his half cousin.
-136. yes
+136. Universal Turing machine (UTM) is one that's programmed to simulate another Turing machine, i.e. it's a kind of interpreter of Turing machines implemented as a Turing machine. To UTM we can supply any Turing machine encoded as a sequence of symbols written on a tape, plus its input data, and the UTM then simulates the run of the encoded machine and computes exactly what the encoded machine would have computed. To create a UTM we may start by defining a way of encoding Turing machines as sequences of symbols and then proceeding to program a normal Turing machine to interpret this format. Turing machine is defined by a table of its states, where each state is a tuple (holding next state, head shift and written symbol for each possible input symbol) -- it's easily possible to encode the table as a sequence of symbols and since the table is always finite, the sequence will be as well. It can then be shown we may program each constituent operation to make a Turing machine be able to read the sequence and perform the actions that the encoded machine would.
+137. yes
 
 ## Other
 

faq.md

@@ -92,6 +92,10 @@ At the moment it's just me, [drummyfish](drummyfish.md). This started as a colla
 
 If you want to contribute to the cause, just create your own website, spread the ideas you liked here -- you may or may not refer to LRS, everything's up to you. Start creating software with LRS philosophy if you can -- together we can help evolve and spread our ideas in a decentralized way, without me or anyone else being an authority, a potential censor. That's the best way forward I think.
 
+### What do you use as your [ASCII art](ascii_art.md) editor?
+
+[Vim](vim.md).
+
 ### Are you making any money off of this websites and/or your projects? How are you financing this? Are you collecting and selling my precious cookies? Is it from donations? How much do you make on them? Why are you doing this if not for money?
 
 This is NOT and NEVER WILL be even partially a commercial project, there will NEVER be a single ad or sponsor or even anything inserted as a favor to someone, that would go completely against my fundamental beliefs and the message carried by this work, all my projects are [selfless](selflessness.md) and they are NOT aimed at making money at all OR extracting any other kind of capital or benefit purely for myself (such as self promotion etc.): things I make are the purpose of my life, not fastfood hamburgers, they must remain absolutely pure and must not in a slightest become affected by any financial interests, plus I also hate money, business, trade and capitalism in general. I make all of this in my spare time and apart from some tiny fees (for a domain etc.), which I minimize and can absolutely manage on my own, I have no other expenses than keeping myself alive, cost of which I also try to minimize.

game.md

@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Therefore it is crucial to stress that **games are [technology](tech.md) like an
 
 A small number of games nowadays come with a [free](free_software.md) engine, which is either official (often retroactively freed by its developer in case of older games) or developed by volunteers. Example of the former are the engines of ID games ([Doom](doom.md), [Quake](quake.md)), example of the latter can be [OpenMW](openmw.md) (a free engine for TES: Morrowind) or [Mangos](mangos.md) (a free server for [World of Warcraft](wow.md)). Console [emulators](emulator.md) (such as of Playstation or Gameboy) can also be considered a free engine for playing proprietary games.
 
-Yet a smaller number of games are completely free (in the sense of [Debian](debian.md)'s free software definition), including both the engine and game assets. These games are called **free games** or **libre games** and many of them are clones of famous proprietary games. Examples of these probably (one can rarely ever be sure about legal status) include [SuperTuxKart](stk.md), [Minetest](minetest.md), [0AD](0ad.md), [Xonotic](xonotic.md), [FLARE](flare.md) or [Anarch](anarch.md). There exists a wiki for libre games at https://libregamewiki.org and a developer forum at https://forum.freegamedev.net/. Libre games can also be found in Debian software repositories. However WATCH OUT, all mentioned repositories may be unreliable!
+Yet a smaller number of games are completely free (in the sense of [Debian](debian.md)'s free software definition), including both the engine and game assets. These games are called **free games** or **libre games** and many of them are clones of famous proprietary games. Examples of these probably (one can rarely ever be sure about legal status) include [SuperTuxKart](stk.md), [Minetest](minetest.md), [0AD](0ad.md), [Xonotic](xonotic.md), [FLARE](flare.md), [Licar](licar.md) or [Anarch](anarch.md). There exists a wiki for libre games at https://libregamewiki.org and a developer forum at https://forum.freegamedev.net/. Libre games can also be found in Debian software repositories. However WATCH OUT, all mentioned repositories may be unreliable!
 
 { NOTE: Do not blindly trust libregamewiki and freegamedev forum, non-free games occasionally DO appear there by accident, negligence or even by intention. I've actually found that most of the big games like SuperTuxKart have some licensing issues (they removed one proprietary mascot from STK after my report). Ryzom has been removed after I brought up the fact that the whole server content is proprietary and secret. So if you're a purist, focus on the simpler games and confirm their freeness yourself. Anyway, LGW is a good place to start looking for libre games. It is much easier to be sure about freedom of suckless/LRS games, e.g. Anarch is legally safe practically with 100% certainty. ~drummyfish }
 
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ Another kind of cool games are computer implementations of non-computer games, f
 
 ## Games As LRS
 
-Computer games can be [suckless](suckless.md) and just as any other software should try to adhere to the [Unix philosophy](unix_philosophy.md). A [LRS](lrs.md) game should follow all the principles that apply to any other kind of such software, for example being completely [public domain](public_domain.md) or aiming for high [portability](portability.md) and getting [finished](finished.md). This is important to mention because, sadly, many people see games as some kind of exception among software and think that different technological or moral rules apply -- this is wrong.
+Computer games can be [suckless](suckless.md) and like any other software should ideally adhere to the [Unix philosophy](unix_philosophy.md). A [LRS](lrs.md) game should follow all the principles that apply to any other kind of software, for example being completely [public domain](public_domain.md) or aiming for high [portability](portability.md) and getting [finished](finished.md). It must be stressed because, sadly, many still view games as some sort of exception among software and think that different technological or moral rules apply -- that's of course wrong.
 
-If you want to make a simple LRS game, there is an official LRS [C](c.md) library for this: [SAF](saf.md).
+Should you decide to make a simple LRS game, there is an official LRS [C](c.md) library for this called [SAF](saf.md).
 
 A LRS game will be similar to any other [suckless](suckless.md) program, one example of a design choice it should take is the following: while mainstream games are built around the idea of having a precompiled engine that runs [scripts](script.md) written in some interpreted language, a **LRS/suckless game wouldn't use run-time scripts** but would rather have such "scripts" written as a part of the whole game's source code (e.g. in a file `scripts.h`), in the same language as the engine (typically [C](c.md)) and they would be compiled into the binary program. This is the same principle by which suckless programs such as [dwm](dwm.md) don't use config files but rather have the configuration be part of the source code (in a file `config.h`). Doing this in a suckless program doesn't really have any disadvantages as such program is extremely easy and fast to recompile, and it brings in many advantages such as only using a single language, reducing complexity by not needing any interpreter, not having to open and read script files from the file system and also being faster.
 
@@ -143,9 +143,9 @@ Of [proprietary](proprietary.md) video games we should bring up particularly tho
 
 As for the [free (as in freedom)](free_software.md) libre games, let the following be a sum up of some nice games that are somewhat close to [LRS](lrs.md), at least by some considerations.
 
-**Computer games:** [Anarch](anarch.md) and [microTD](utd.md) are examples of games trying to closely follow the [less retarded](lrs.md) principles while still being what we would normally call a computer game. [SAF](saf.md) is a less retarded game library/fantasy console which comes with some less retarded games such as [microTD](utd.md). If you want something closer to the mainstream while caring about freedom, you probably want to check out libre games (but keep in mind they are typically not so LRS and do suck in many ways). Some of the highest quality among them are [Xonotic](xonotic.md), 0 A.D., [openarena](openarena.md), [Freedoom](Freedoom.md), Neverball, SupertuxKart, [Minetest](minetest.md), The Battle for Wesnoth, Blackvoxel, [Lix](lix.md) etcetc. -- these are usually quite [bloated](bloat.md) though.
+**Computer games:** [Anarch](anarch.md) and [microTD](utd.md) are examples of games aiming to very much follow the [less retarded](lrs.md) principles while still being worthy of being called a computer game. [SAF](saf.md) is a less retarded game library/fantasy console which comes with a handful of less retarded games. [Licar](licar.md) is an "almost LRS" game, a full fledged 3D racing game made with LRS principles in mind. If you want something closer to the mainstream while still caring about freedom, you probably want to check out libre games (but keep in mind they are typically not so LRS and do suck in many ways). Among these some of the highest quality are for example [Xonotic](xonotic.md), 0 A.D., [openarena](openarena.md), [Freedoom](Freedoom.md), Neverball, SupertuxKart, [Minetest](minetest.md), The Battle for Wesnoth, Blackvoxel, [Lix](lix.md) etcetc. -- these are usually quite [bloated](bloat.md) though.
 
-As for **non-computer games**: these are usually closer to LRS than any computer game. Many old board games are awesome, including [chess](chess.md), [go](go.md), [shogi](shogi.md), [xiangqi](xiangqi.md), [backgammon](backgammon.md), [checkers](cheskers.md) etc. [Gamebooks](game_book.md) can be very LRS -- they can be implemented both as computer games and non-computer physical books, and can further be well combined with creating a [free universe](free_universe.md). Card games are also very nice; interesting are for example [solitaire](solitaire.md) (single player card games) games such as Klondike and Freecell. Some games traditionally played on computers, such as [sokoban](sokoban.md), can also be played without a computer. Pen and pencil games that are amazing include [racetrack](racetrack.md), pen and pencil football etc. Nice real life physics games include [football](football.md), [marble racing](marble_racing.md) etc.
+As for **non-computer games**: these are typically closer to LRS than any computer game by their very nature of not even demanding a computer. Many [old](old.md) board games are awesome, including [chess](chess.md), [go](go.md), [shogi](shogi.md), [xiangqi](xiangqi.md), [backgammon](backgammon.md), [checkers](cheskers.md) etc. [Gamebooks](game_book.md) can be very LRS -- they can be implemented both as computer games and non-computer physical books, and can further be well combined with creating a [free universe](free_universe.md). Card games are also very nice; interesting are for example [solitaire](solitaire.md) (single player card games) games such as Klondike and Freecell. Some games traditionally played on computers, such as [sokoban](sokoban.md), can also be played without a computer. Pen and pencil games that are amazing include [racetrack](racetrack.md), pen and pencil football etc. Nice real life physics games include [football](football.md), [marble racing](marble_racing.md) etc.
 
 ## See Also
 

human_language.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ It's worthy of reminding ourselves that human languages don't have to be limited
 
 { The following is a thought dump made without much research, please inform me if you're a linguist or philosopher or something and have something enlightening to say, thank you <3 ~drummyfish }
 
-On one hand human languages are cool when viewed from cultural or [artistic](art.md) perspective, they allow us to write poetry, describe feelings and nature around us -- in this way they can be considered [beautiful](beauty.md). However from the perspective of others, e.g. programmers or historians, **human languages are a [nightmare](nightmare.md)**. There is unfortunately an **enormous, inherent curse connected to any human language**, both natural or constructed, that comes from its inevitably [fuzzy](fuzzy.md) nature stemming from fuzziness of real life concepts, it's the problem of **defining [semantics](semantics.md)** of words and constructs (no, Lojban doesn't solve this). [Syntax](syntax.md) (i.e. the rules that say which sentences are valid and which are not) doesn't pose such a problem, we can quite easily define what's grammatically correct or not (it's not as hard to write a program that checks gramatical correctness), it is semantics (i.e. meanings) that is extremely hard to grasp and inevitably presents a trench between all living beings -- even in rigorous languages (such as mathematical notation or programming languages) semantics is a bit harder to define (quite often still relying on bits of human language), but while in a programming language we are essentially able to define quite EXACTLY what each construct means (e.g. `a + b` returns the sum of values *a* and *b*), in a natural language we are basically never able to do that, we can only ever form fuzzy connections between other fuzzy concepts and we can never have anything fixed.
+It's been said that language is the source of all misunderstanding. And indeed, on one hand human languages are cool when viewed from cultural or [artistic](art.md) perspective, they allow us to write poetry, describe feelings and nature around us -- in this way they can be considered [beautiful](beauty.md). However from the perspective of others, e.g. programmers or historians, **human languages are a [nightmare](nightmare.md)**. There is unfortunately an **enormous, inherent curse connected to any human language**, both natural or constructed, that comes from its inevitably [fuzzy](fuzzy.md) nature stemming from fuzziness of real life concepts, it's the problem of **defining [semantics](semantics.md)** of words and constructs (no, Lojban doesn't solve this). [Syntax](syntax.md) (i.e. the rules that say which sentences are valid and which are not) doesn't pose such a problem, we can quite easily define what's grammatically correct or not (it's not as hard to write a program that checks gramatical correctness), it is semantics (i.e. meanings) that is extremely hard to grasp and inevitably presents a trench between all living beings -- even in rigorous languages (such as mathematical notation or programming languages) semantics is a bit harder to define (quite often still relying on bits of human language), but while in a programming language we are essentially able to define quite EXACTLY what each construct means (e.g. `a + b` returns the sum of values *a* and *b*), in a natural language we are basically never able to do that, we can only ever form fuzzy connections between other fuzzy concepts and we can never have anything fixed.
 
 Due to this fuzziness human languages inevitably change over time in spite of our best effort, any text written a few thousand years ago is nowadays very hard to understand -- not because the old languages aren't spoken anymore, but because the original meanings of specific words, phrases and constructs are distorted by time and lost; when learning an old language we learn what each word meant by reading its translation to some modern word, but the modern word is always more or less different. Even if it's a very simple word such as "fish", our modern word for fish means a slightly different thing than let's say ancient Roman's word for fish because it had slightly different connotations such as potential references to other things: fish for example used to be the symbol of Christianity, nowadays people don't even commonly make this connection. Fishermen were a despised class of workers, to some fish may have signified food and abundance, to others something that "smells bad", to others something or someone who's "slippery". Some words may have referred to some contemporary "[meme](meme.md)" that's been long forgotten and if some text makes the reference, we won't understand it. The word "book" for example meant something a bit different 2000 years ago than it means now: back then a book might have been just a relatively short scroll, it was expensive and people didn't read books the same way as we do today, they commonly just read them out loud to others, so "reading a book" and the word "book" itself doesn't conjure the same picture in our heads as it did back then. Or another example showing the difference between languages existing at the same time is this: while the Spanish word "perro" translates to English as "dog", the meanings aren't the same; some English speakers use the word as a synonym for "friend" but in Spanish the word can be used as an insult so shouting "perro" and "dog" in the street may lead to different (possibly completely opposite) images popping up in the heads of those who hear it. Westerners who spend a lot of time in eastern countries will confirm that it is absolutely the case that many eastern spiritual terms and texts are untranslatable to English, or translatable only very, very imprecisely: there are words for concepts that western culture simply lacks and even words that have more or less direct translation may carry different connotations, such as the word "void" which in the east has often a positive connotation, unlike in the west. When you study philosophy, you'll be told you have to read philosophers in their original language in order to really understand them. Imagine you speak to an isolated bushmen tribe somewhere in Africa and you have to translate the word "vaporwave" or "doomer meme" when they don't have a word for Internet, computer or electricity, they don't know what depression, multimedia or technological addiction is and can't even comprehend the concept of a social network because they have hard time imagining there could exist many more people in the world, being unable to count beyond 10, thinking the world probably ends beyond the horizon -- you may perhaps say "vaporwave" is "funny music" and "doomer meme" is a "sad idea", but you know it's actually a very poor translation. It's not because their language was poorer than yours (in fact many of such languages have been found to be extremely hard to learn), it will just have evolved to express other things, ones you can't understand, complex things about nature, jungle, hunting, hundreds of different plants, what's edible and what's poisonous (in which ways, to whom, with what certainty, in which quantities, under which circumstances, ...), subtle distinctions of many different species of animals, rocks, water, trees, fire, weather and so on. Even within our own culture we struggle to communicate, depressed people have hard time explaining what depression really is to people who never experienced true depression, we use words like "sorrow", "emptiness", "exhaustion", but once again, only as rough approximations to the true, indescribable feeling.
 

interesting.md

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ What follows is a "constantly [work in progress](wip.md)" list of subjectively s
 - **Statistics, world records, [numbers](number.md), infographics, [data](data.md) and their visualization**: there's something wonderful about numbers, and not just to the autistic among us, the success of Guinness World Record book proves that figures are just cool. And computers take number crunching to whole another level, opening the door for quick pattern searches, adventurous exploration of correlations, deriving more and more numbers and especially making spectacular eye-candy visualizations, it's just so pleasant to plot and draw pixels, shapes and [colors](color.md) and glimpse into the abstract worlds the data hide, and sometimes we're even rewarded with very visually pleasant results. Pro tip: try to search for images on [OEIS](oeis.md).
 - **Extinct animals**: obviously everyone loves dinosaurs (BTW look up well preserved fossils of dinosaurs, some are in excellent state, we also now know for fact the skin color of some dinosaurs, ALSO there exist MILLIONS years old animals perfectly preserved in amber), but there are many underrated extincts animals, e.g. gigantopithecus, the biggest ape known to have ever existed (estimated weight up to 300 kg), which we however know almost nothing about (only teeth were found). More recently extinct species such as mammoth, dodo (recorded in paintings, there exist some remains of dodos), moa bird (extremely large bird), saber-toothed cats, giant sloth, short-faced bear (probably the biggest bear ever) or Tasmanian tiger (which there still exists a black and white video footage of) are interesting exactly because they are closer on the timeline, people may have seen them and even depicted them somehow (e.g. cave paintings), we have may find much better preserved, mummified bodies of them (often in ice) and also have a bigger chance of cloning them one day or even discover them still living somewhere (has happened to several species already).
 - **[UFO](ufo.md)s and aliens**: ufology is pretty fun when you dig through the real retarded schizo stuff and ignore [soyence](soyence.md) fanatics that will of course immediately stop being friends with you. Remember, you may enjoy digging into weird, suspicious cases without starting to wear tinfoil or seeing little green men behind every corner; even if a UFO turns out to be a new, secret military tech or newly discovered atmospheric phenomenon and not aliens, it's still pretty damn interesting. Some cases are quite solid, e.g. Hangzhou Xiaoshan (China) 2010 sighting of extremely weird tear in the sky which was scanning the whole city with some kind of obviously artificial light screen for a very long time, which was seen by thousands and captured on camera and video by many (e.g. https://yt.artemislena.eu/watch?v=__9s5chdV7c) and even caused an airport to shut down -- the real nature of the thing was never explained and wasn't even much talked about (there also seems to be another simple-to-debunk cover up UFO sighting under the same keywords). The Travis Walton abduction case is also quite interesting, supported by a lot of evidence and has stood for a very long time. There are also many pretty good footages of weird UFOs, especially interesting are those captured by multiple people from different angles, which are extremely hard to fake.
+- **[Rabbitholes](rabbithole.md)**: something that goes deep and rewards digging deeper, such as stories of various cults, conspiracy theories, serial killers etc.
 - **Known but unexcavated archaeological sites**: e.g. the Qin tomb, a pyramid in China that's a resting place of a great emperor is buried underground -- [historical](history.md) records say the pyramid contains an unbelievable wealth, a great palace and models of cities, seas, waterways of quicksilver and traps protecting against intruders; this is believable as it is also the place where the astonishing terracota army was already excavated. However it is quite likely the pyramid won't be opened during our lifetime, we probably won't ever see it with our eyes. Also the well known pyramids and sphinx of Giza are still very mysterious -- e.g. there are holes in the great Sphinx you can clearly but about which no one ever talks -- you can see they lead somewhere inside but you never see the actual inside, they let no one in and photos are nowhere to be found. Historical places of yet unknown locations, like the hanging gardens of Babylon, are also pretty interesting.
 - **Oldest existing [photographs](photo.md)**, video and audio recordings, and also old paintings, e.g. cave paintings capturing extinct animals.
 - 1816, so called **year without summer**, probably caused by great volcano eruption whose effects might have given a glimpse to what it looked like after the impact of the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs -- however this time many people wrote first hand witness accounts (you can find many in old books and reports, many times just scanned on Internet archive).
@@ -19,6 +20,7 @@ What follows is a "constantly [work in progress](wip.md)" list of subjectively s
 - **[Conspiracy theories](conspiracy.md)**: Many are true.
 - **Hybrids**: No, we don't actually know if humans and apes can interbreed or not, humanzees have been reported, as well as hybrids of humans and other animals, there exist some real weird photos. Ligers and tigons are also cool, but there are many other interesting possibilities. See http://www.macroevolution.net.
 - **Third man factor**: there is a phenomenon which makes people hear some kind of comforting, guiding voice in long-lasting crisis situations, described e.g. by people who got lost in mountains etc.
+- **Morbid events**: these satisfy our natural morbid curiosity and may also turn out to be a rabbithole. This may include plane crashes, mysterious murders, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, lost media of bizarre accidents etc. Just a few examples are the following: Timothy Treadwell living with bears who eventually ended up recording himself being eaten by one, the lost footage of Christine Chubbuck committing [suicide](suicide.md) on live news, the unreleased footage of Steve Irwin's death by stingray, the footage of Tilikum the killer whale killing its trainer etc.
 - **Weird coincidences**: for example the names of all continents start and end with *A* (AsiA, AfricA, AmericA, AntracticA, AustraliA) except for Europe which starts and ends with *E*. Sun and Moon have the same apparent size in the sky. And so on.
 - **[Language](human_language.md) and translations**: translation errors are a rich rabbit hole, revealing not only bloopers but weird differences and features of languages themselves. { Start for example here https://allthetropes.org/wiki/Lost_in_Translation. ~drummyfish }
 - **Deep sea, Antarctica and other unexplored parts of the world**.

licar.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Licar
 
-Licar (short for *[libre](libre.md) car*), also known as *the best racing game ever made*, is a fully [public domain](public_domain.md), [free software](free_software.md) and [free culture](free_culture.md) 3D racing [game](game.md) by [drummyfish](drummyfish.md), highly inspired by the proprietary game [Trackmania](trackmania.md). Licar is made in similar fashion to [Anarch](anarch.md) (another drummyfish's game) but is a little more [bloated](bloat.md): it is a fully [3D game](3d_rendering.md) made with [small3dlib](small3dlib.md) and [tinyphysicsengine](tinyphysicsengine.md) and although it's not the most [minimalist](minimalism.md) game under the Sun, it is still very much [KISS](kiss.md), extremely [portable](portability.md), not using any third party [libraries](library.md) etc. The [git](git.md) repo is currently at http://git.coom.tech/drummyfish/Licar; version 1.0 of the game was released on 25.06.2025 after 329 commits. The creation of Licar was conducted purely with free software ([GIMP](gimp.md), [Blender](blender.md), [GNU](gnu.md)/[Linux](linux.md), [vim](vim.md), ...) and relatively old computers (mainly Thinkpad X200).
+Licar (short for *[libre](libre.md) car*), also known as *the best racing game ever made*, is a fully [public domain](public_domain.md), [free software](free_software.md) and [free culture](free_culture.md) 3D racing [game](game.md) by [drummyfish](drummyfish.md), inspired mostly by the proprietary game [Trackmania](trackmania.md). Licar was made in similar fashion to [Anarch](anarch.md) (another major game by the same guy) but is a little more [bloated](bloat.md): it is a fully [3D game](3d_rendering.md) made with [small3dlib](small3dlib.md) and [tinyphysicsengine](tinyphysicsengine.md) and although it's not the most [minimalist](minimalism.md) piece of [software](sw.md) under the sun, it is still very much [KISS](kiss.md), extremely [portable](portability.md), not using any third party [libraries](library.md) etc. The [git](git.md) repo is currently at http://git.coom.tech/drummyfish/Licar; version 1.0 of the game was released on 25.06.2025 after 329 commits and didn't immediately receive as much Internet attention as Anarch because it wasn't "[promoted](marketing.md)" as much (the author no longer desires much attention for the creation). The [development](buzzword.md) of Licar was conducted purely with free software ([GIMP](gimp.md), [Blender](blender.md), [GNU](gnu.md)/[Linux](linux.md), [vim](vim.md), ...) and relatively old computers (mainly Thinkpad X200).
 
 The game's features include a fully 3D, completely [deterministic](determinism.md) physics, lovely soulful [software rendering](sw_rendering.md), replays, ghost cars and custom maps (written in a plain [ASCII](ascii.md) text format). In the base package there are 5 standard, 5 tiny and 2 bonus maps. There are now also mods, such as one for making [tool assisted runs](tas.md).
 

needed.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ NOTE 2: See **[how to do projects well](project.md)**.
 | artificial human language              | hard?      |                                 |              | thinking bout it    |need LRS lang., big problems with definitions of words tho, think| Esperanto, Lojban, ...    |
 | Arduino/Pokitto/... computer           | mid/hard?  |                                 |              |                     | until we have PD computer, we'll need a nice tiny embedded comp.|                           |
 | audio/music editor                     | mid/hard?  |                                 |              |                     | for waveforms and/or MIDI (tracker music), can even be CLI/TUI  | Audacity, LMMS, ...       |
-| chat software                          | mid?       | dumbchat                        | drummyfish   | one done            | make it KISS, no encryption, no Unicode, ... just chat!         | IRC                       |
+| chat software                          | mid?       | dumbchat                        | drummyfish   | one done            | make it KISS, no encryption, no Unicode, ... just chat!         | [IRC](irc.md)             |
 | [chatbot](chatbot.md)                  | mid?       |                                 |              | plans in my head    | probably NOT neural net, KISS lib for good enough chatbot       |                           |
 | [cheating](cheating.md) tools          | mid        |                                 |              |                     | support cheating, e.g. chess (use engine but in human like way) | Stockfish, ...            |
 | [chess](chess.md) engine/library (C)   | mid/hard   |[smallchesslib](smallchesslib.md)| drummyfish   | done                | it's not very strong tho :/                                     |                           |

optimism.md

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 # Optimism
 
-Optimism (also called "positivity" etc.) is a [mental illness](disease.md) manifested by refusal to accept [truths](truth.md) too difficult or uncomfortable to bear. It is a voluntarily chosen cognitive bias, denial of reality, making one lie to self: in a situation where it's unclear whether A or B is true (and hence the most rational belief would be to count both as a potential possibility), an optimist will choose to declare one option as not true solely by the fact he would dislike if it was true, i.e. optimism literally by definition means choosing irrational beliefs out of mental weakness. Optimism is always [evil](evil.md), it is the opium of the masses and plagues especially western society of the [21st century](21st_century.md), it makes people do nothing against a worsening situation because they come to accept the lie that things are actually fine rather than trying to fix them -- that's why the ruling bodies, such as governments and [corporations](corporation.md), always promote optimism, they want people to stay passive, blind, comfortable, unaware and therefore harmless. An optimist on board of a sinking ship will not try to help the situation, he will refuse to prepare a life boat or send distress calls, he will close his eyes and ears to not see the disaster and will many a time attack those who refuse to do the same, accusing others of conspiracy theories and creating panic. An optimist in [dystopian society](capitalism.md) will not do anything to fix society, he will only keep repeating programmed phrases such as "it's not ideal but there are still some good things", and so he'll end up collaborating with the system on [making it worse and worse](slowly_boiling_the_frog.md).
+Optimism (also called "positivity", "winner mentality" etc.) is a [mental illness](disease.md) manifested by refusal of accepting difficult or uncomfortable [truths](truth.md). It is a voluntarily chosen delusion and denial of reality under which one becomes a liar to self: in a situation of uncertainty where it's unclear whether A or B is true (and so the most rational conclusion would be to see both as a potential eventuality), an optimist will choose to declare one option as not true solely by the fact he would dislike if it was true, i.e. optimism literally by definition means choosing irrational beliefs out of mental weakness, by fear of truth. Optimism is always [evil](evil.md), it is the opium of the masses and plagues especially western society of the [21st century](21st_century.md), it makes people [do nothing](slowly_boiling_the_frog.md) against a worsening situation because they come to accept the lie that things are actually fine rather than trying to fix them -- that's why the ruling bodies (such as governments and [corporations](corporation.md)) always promote optimism, they want people to stay passive, blind, comfortable, unaware and therefore harmless. An optimist on board of a sinking ship will not try to help the situation, he will refuse to prepare a life boat or send distress calls, he will close his eyes and ears to not see the disaster and will many a time attack those who refuse to do the same, accusing others of conspiracy theories and creating panic. An optimist in [dystopian society](capitalism.md) will not do anything to fix society, he will only keep repeating programmed phrases such as "it's not ideal but there are still some good things", and so he'll end up collaborating with the system on [making it worse and worse](slowly_boiling_the_frog.md).
 
 ## See Also
 
+- [hope](hope.md)
 - [NPC](npc.md)
 - [cynicism](cynicism.md)
 - [pessimism](pessimism.md)
 - [black pill](black_pill.md)
+- [depression](depression.md)

programming_language.md

@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ Besides the standard library there will also exist many third party [libraries](
 
 ## History
 
-Programmability of the earliest computers was very limited, they were machines with hard-wired functionality and reprogramming them meant physically altering the circuitry or even gears they were made of -- even much later many of the simpler "computers", such as hand held electronic games, weren't running on any programmable [CPU](cpu.md) or chips of similar nature, but were rather a hand-designed electronic circuit "programmed" by the engineer who manually placed all the resistors and capacitors. However, theoretically, the idea of a programming language had been around for a long time -- in 18th century Basile Bouchon created a system for "programming" looms with what were essentially punch cards and in the first half of the 20th century the universal [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) provided a theoretical framework for a fully programmable [digital](digital.md) computer that interpreted a kind of language stored on its memory tape, even before there were any "real" computers to speak of. A big step forward came in 1945 with [John Vom Neumann's](von_neumann.md) description of what's now called the *Von Neumann architecture*, a computer architecture model that relied on relatively simple hardware (the [CPU](cpu.md)) interpreting program stored as numeric instructions in the computer memory (so called *stored program*). One of the first such computers was [EDSAC](edsac.md), made in 1949. This [paradigm](paradigm.md) showed to be crucial for allowing quick and easy modification of programs and thus for more [progress](progress.md) in computing -- this shifted focus from designing individual computers to creating effective, generally usable instructions sets and machine code. Together with more and more abundant [transistors](transistor.md) finally came computers programmable with what we might call a "language" -- the first ones were programmed directly in [machine code](machine_code.md) (the numeric instructions), there weren't even any assemblers and assembly languages around, programming involved tasks such as searching for opcodes in computer manuals, hand-encoding data and getting it all onto punch cards -- in better cases it was possible to use some primitive interface such as a "front panel" to program the computer. These kinds of machine languages that were used back then are now called **first generation languages**.
+Programmability of the earliest computers was very limited, they were machines with hard-wired functionality and reprogramming them meant physically altering the circuitry or even gears they were made of -- even much later many of the simpler "computers", such as hand held electronic games, weren't running on any programmable [CPU](cpu.md) or chips of similar nature, but were rather a hand-designed electronic circuit "programmed" by the engineer who manually placed all the resistors and capacitors. However, theoretically, the idea of a programming language had been around for a long time -- in 18th century Basile Bouchon created a system for "programming" looms with what were essentially punch cards and in the first half of the 20th century the universal [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) provided a theoretical framework for a fully programmable [digital](digital.md) computer that interpreted a kind of language stored on its memory tape, even before there were any "real" computers to speak of. A big step forward then came in 1945 with [John Vom Neumann's](von_neumann.md) description of what's now called the *Von Neumann architecture*, a computer architecture model relying on relatively simple hardware (the [CPU](cpu.md)) interpreting program stored as numeric instructions in the computer memory (so called *stored program*), which is exactly the principle of the earlier mentioned universal Turing machine. One of the first such computers was [EDSAC](edsac.md) constructed in 1949. This "stored program" [paradigm](paradigm.md) showed itself crucial for quick, simple and cheap modification of programs and led to further [progress](progress.md) of the computing field -- the focus now shifted from designing individual machines to a more abstract endeavor: that of creating effective, generally usable instruction sets, i.e. machine LANGUAGE now came to play a more central role. Together with more and more abundant [transistors](transistor.md) finally came computers programmable with what we might call "true languages" -- the first ones were programmed directly in [machine code](machine_code.md) (the numeric instructions), there weren't even any assemblers and assembly languages around, programming involved tasks such as searching for opcodes in computer manuals, hand-encoding data and getting it all onto punch cards -- in better cases it was possible to use some primitive interface such as a "front panel" to program the computer. These kinds of machine languages that were used back then are now called **first generation languages**.
 
 The **first higher level programming language** was probably Plankalkul made by Konrad Zuse some time shortly after 1942, though it didn't run on any computer, it was only in stage of specification -- implementation of it would only be made much later, in 1975. It was quite advanced -- it had [functions](function.md), arrays, exceptions and some advanced data structures, though it for example didn't support [recursive](recursion.md) calls. It was important as it planted the seed of an idea of an abstract, higher level, machine independent language.
 

usa.md

@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ And the good things? [Zero](zero.md). Really, pause for a moment and try to come
 
 *Use as your [toilet paper](shit.md).*
 
-More than anything USA resembles [North Korea](north_korea.md), main difference being that USA actually acts on their promises of war and attacks other countries instead of just talking about it. Apart from this we only find striking similarities: in both countries citizens are successfully led to believing their country is the greatest and have strong propaganda based on [cults of personality](cult_of_personality.md), which to outsiders seem very ridiculous but which is nevertheless very effective: for example North Korea officially proclaims their supreme leader Kim Jong-il was born atop a sacred mountain and a new star came to existence on the day of his birth, while Americans on the other hand believe one of their retarded leaders named George Washington was a divine god who was PHYSICALLY UNABLE TO TELL A LIE, which was actually taught at their schools. Government surveillance of citizens is extreme and ever present in both countries, but lower in North Korea as its citizens aren't surrounded as much by [always-online devices](iot.md). North Korea is ruled by a single political party, US is ruled by two practically same militant capitalist imperialist parties (democrats and republicans), i.e. de-facto one party as well. Both countries are obsessed with weapons (especially nuclear ones) and their military, both are highly and openly [fascist](fascism.md) (nationalist). Both countries are full of extreme [propaganda](propaganda.md), [censorship](censorship.md) and [hero culture](hero_culture.md), people worship dictators such as Kim Jong-un or [Steve Jobs](steve_jobs.md). US is even worse than North Korea because it exports its toxic [culture](culture.md) all over the whole world and constantly invades other countries, it is destroying all other cultures and leads the whole world to doom and destruction of all life, while North Korea basically only destroys itself.
+More than anything USA resembles [North Korea](north_korea.md), main difference being that USA actually acts on their promises of [war](war.md) and does attack other countries instead of just talking about it. Apart from this we only find striking similarities: in both countries citizens are successfully led to believing their country is the greatest and have strong propaganda based on [cults of personality](cult_of_personality.md), which to outsiders seem very ridiculous but which is nevertheless very effective: for example North Korea officially proclaims their supreme leader Kim Jong-il was born atop a sacred mountain and a new star came to existence on the day of his birth, while Americans on the other hand believe one of their retarded leaders named George Washington was a divine god who was PHYSICALLY UNABLE TO TELL A LIE, which was actually taught at their schools. Government surveillance of citizens is pervasive and ever present in both countries, but lower in North Korea as its citizens aren't surrounded by [always-online devices](iot.md) as much. North Korea is ruled by a single political party, US is ruled by two practically same militant capitalist imperialist parties (democrats and republicans), i.e. de-facto one party as well. Both USA and North Korea are obsessed with weapons (especially nuclear ones) and their [military](military.md), both are highly and openly [fascist](fascism.md) (nationalist) and both practice the death penalty, both are full of extreme [propaganda](propaganda.md), [censorship](censorship.md) and [hero culture](hero_culture.md), people worship dictators such as Kim Jong-un or [Steve Jobs](steve_jobs.md). US is even worse than North Korea because it exports its toxic [culture](culture.md) all over the whole world and constantly invades other countries, it is destroying all other cultures and leads the whole world to doom and destruction of all life, while North Korea basically only destroys itself.
+
+It is one of the most essential parts of American nature to praise self interest and survival as the highest priority, there exists no higher good or higher moral values such as [selflessness](selflessness.md) -- if you ask an American whether he'd rather be morally good and not survive or survive but be evil, it's guaranteed he'll choose being evil without any hesitation, and since life (at least in the U.S.) ask exactly this question, all Americans ended up becoming evil (logically, those who refused evil did not survive). As the pure meaning of words such as "good", "charity" or "selflessness" is completely lost, they take on a whole new meaning: good in America means an evil whose side effects can at least be considered somewhat good, but true moral good as a concept is absolutely unknown and incomprehensible to American.
 
 In US mainstream [politics](politics.md) there exists no true left, only [right](left_right.md) and [pseudoleft](pseudoleft.md). It is only in deepest underground, out of the sun's rays and sight of the public eye, where on rare occasion sometimes something of value comes to existence as an exception to the general rule that nothing good comes from the US. One of these exceptions is [free software](free_software.md) (established by [Richard Stallman](rms.md)) which was however quickly smothered by the capitalist [open source](open_source.md) counter movement. Also the [hippie](hippies.md) movement was kind of cool, and here and there a good videogame or movie happens to be made in the US, but remember you have to sift through an ocean of crap to find a small nugget of gold here.
 

wiki_stats.md

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@
 This is an autogenerated article holding stats about this wiki.
 
 - number of articles: 644
-- number of commits: 1037
-- total size of all texts in bytes: 5622511
+- number of commits: 1038
+- total size of all texts in bytes: 5622504
 - total number of lines of article texts: 40403
 - number of script lines: 324
 - occurrences of the word "person": 10
@@ -89,6 +89,11 @@ top 50 5+ letter words:
 latest changes:
 
 ```
+Date:   Wed Jul 2 00:23:26 2025 +0200
+  distance.md
+  random_page.md
+  wiki_pages.md
+  wiki_stats.md
 Date:   Tue Jul 1 23:56:20 2025 +0200
   acronym.md
   compression.md
@@ -113,15 +118,6 @@ Date:   Sun Jun 29 15:10:41 2025 +0200
   wiki_stats.md
   wikipedia.md
 Date:   Thu Jun 26 21:52:18 2025 +0200
-  21st_century.md
-  elon_musk.md
-  exercises.md
-  licar.md
-  magic.md
-  main.md
-  random_page.md
-  reddit.md
-  soyence.md
 ```
 
 most wanted pages: