@ -12,4 +12,6 @@ In 2019 drummyfish has written a "manifesto" of his ideas called **Non-Competiti
{ Why doxx myself? Following the [LRS](lrs.md) philosophy, I believe information should be free. [Censorship](censorship.md) -- even in the name of [privacy](privacy.md) -- goes against information freedom. We should live in a society in which people are moral and don't abuse others by any means, including via availability of their private information. And in order to achieve ideal society we have to actually live it, i.e. slowly start to behave as if it was already in place. Of course, I can't tell you literally everything (such as my passwords etc.), but the more I can tell you, the closer we are to the ideal society. ~drummyfish }
He likes many things such as animals, peace, freedom, programming, [math](math.md) and [games](game.md) (e.g. [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [OpenArena](openarena.md), even though he despises [competitive](competition.md) behavior in real life).
He likes many things such as animals, peace, freedom, programming, [math](math.md) and [games](game.md) (e.g. [Xonotic](xonotic.md) and [OpenArena](openarena.md), even though he despises [competitive](competition.md) behavior in real life).
**Does drummyfish have [divine intellect](terry_davis.md)?** Hell no, but thanks to his extreme tendency for isolation, great curiosity and obsession with truth he is possibly the only man on Earth completely immune to propaganda, he can see the world as it is, not as it is presented, so he feels it is his moral duty to share what he is seeing. He is able to overcome his natural dumbness and low [IQ](iq.md) by tryharding and sacrificing his social and sexual life so that he can program more. If drummyfish can learn to program [LRS](lrs.md), so can you.
Lambda calculus is a formal [mathematical](math.md) system for describing computation with [functions](function.md). It is a theoretical basis for [functional languages](functional.md). It is a [model of computation](model_of_computation.md) similar to e.g. a [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) -- in fact lambda calculus has exactly the same computational power as a Turing machine and so it is an alternative to it. Lambda calculus can also be seen as a simple [programming language](programming_language.md), however it is so extremely simple that its pure form isn't used for practical programming, it is more of a mathematical tool for constructing proofs etc. Nevertheless, anything that can be programmed in any classic programming language can in theory be also programmed in lambda calculus.
Lambda calculus is an extremely simple and low-level [mathematical](math.md) system based on describing computations with [functions](function.md), and can in fact be used to describe and perform any computation. It is a theoretical basis for [functional programming languages](functional.md). It is a **[model of computation](model_of_computation.md)** similar to e.g. a [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) or [interaction nets](interaction_net.md) -- in fact lambda calculus has exactly the same computational power as a Turing machine, which is also the greatest possible computational power, and so it is an alternative to it. Lambda calculus can also be seen as a simple [programming language](programming_language.md), however it is so extremely simple (there are e.g. no numbers) that its pure form isn't used for practical programming, it is more of a mathematical tool for studying computers theoretically, constructing proofs etc. Nevertheless anything that can be programmed in any classic programming language can in theory be also programmed in lambda calculus.
While Turing machines use memory in which computations are performed, lambda calculus performs computations only with pure mathematical functions, i.e. there are no [global variables](variable.md) or [side effects](side_effect.md). It has to be stressed that the functions in questions are mathematical functions, also called **pure functions**, NOT functions we know from programming. A pure function cannot have any side effects such as changing global state and its result also cannot depend on any global state or randomness, the only thing a pure function can do is return a value, and this value has to always be the same if the arguments to the function are same.
While Turing machines use memory cells in which computations are performed -- which is similar to how real life computers work -- lambda calculus performs computations only by simplifying an expression made of pure mathematical functions, i.e. there are no [global variables](variable.md) or [side effects](side_effect.md) (the concept of memory is basically present in the expression itself, the lambda expression is both a program and memory at the same time). It has to be stressed that the functions in question are mathematical functions, also called **pure functions**, NOT functions we know from programming (which can do all kinds of nasty stuff). A pure function cannot have any side effects such as changing global state and its result also cannot depend on any global state or randomness, the only thing a pure function can do is return a value, and this value has to always be the same if the arguments to the function are same.
## How It Works
(For simplicity we'll use pure ASCII text. Let the letters L, A and B signify the Greek letters lambda, alpha and beta.)
Lambda calculus is extremely simple, though it may not be so simple to learn to understand it.
Lambda calculus is extremely simple in its definition, but it may not be so simple to learn to understand it. Most students don't get it the first time, so don't worry :)
In lambda calculus function have no names, they are what we'd call anonymous functions or lambdas in programming (now you know why they're called lambdas).
Computations in lambda calculus don't work with numbers but with sequences of symbols, i.e. the computation can be imagined as manipulating text strings with operations like "search/replace".
Computations in lambda calculus don't work with numbers but with sequences of symbols, i.e. the computation can be imagined as manipulating text strings with operations that can intuitively just be seen as "search/replace". If you know some programming language already, the notation of lambda calculus will seem familiar to functions you already know from programming (there are functions, their bodies, arguments, variables, ...), but BEWARE, this will also confuse you; functions in lambda calculus work a little different (much simpler) than those in traditional programming languages; e.g. you shouldn't imagine that variables and function arguments represent numbers -- they are really just "text symbols", all we're doing with lambda calculus is really manipulating text with very simple rules. Things like numbers, their addition etc. don't exist at the basic level of lambda calculus, they have to be implemented (see later). This is on purpose (feature, not a bug), lambda calculus is really trying to explore how simple we can make a system to still keep it as powerful as a Turing machine.
In lambda calculus an expression, also a **lambda term** or "program" if you will, consists only of three types of [syntactical](syntax.md) constructs:
1. *x*: **variables**, represent unknown values.
1. *x*: **variables**, represent unknown values (of course we can use also other letters than just *x*).
2. *(Lx.T)*: **abstraction**, where *T* is a lambda term, signifies a function definition (*x* is a variable that's the function's parameter, *T* is its body).
3. *(S T)*: **application** of *T* to *S*, where *S* and *T* are lambda terms, signifies a function call/invocation (*S* is the function, *T* is the argument).
3. *(S T)*: **application** of *S* to *T*, where *S* and *T* are lambda terms, signifies a function call/invocation (*S* is the function, *T* is the argument).
For example *(La.(Lb.x)) x* is a lambda term while *xLx..y* is not.
Brackets can be left out if there's no ambiguity. Furthermore we need to distinguish between two types of variables:
@ -28,7 +30,7 @@ Brackets can be left out if there's no ambiguity. Furthermore we need to disting
Every lambda term can be broken down into the above defined three constructs. The actual computation is performed by simplifying the term with special rules until we get the result (similarly to how we simplify expression with special rules in [algebra](algebra.md)). This simplification is called a **reduction**, and there are only two rules for performing it:
1. **A-conversion**: Renames (substitutes) a bound variable inside a function, e.g. we can apply A-conversion to *Lx.xa* and convert it to *Ly.ya*. This is done in specific cases when we need to prevent a substitution from making a free variable into a bound one.
2. **B-reduction**: Replaces a parameter inside a function with provided argument, i.e. this is used to reduce *applications*. For example *(Lx.xy) a* is an application, when we apply B-reduction, we take the function body (*xy*) and replace the bound variable (*x*) with the argument (*a*), so we get *ay* as the result.
2. **B-reduction**: Takes a body of a function and replaces a parameter inside this body with provided argument, i.e. this is used to reduce *applications*. For example *(Lx.xy) a* is an application (we apply *(Lx.xy)* to *a* ). When we apply B-reduction, we take the function body (*xy*) and replace the bound variable (*x*) with the argument (*a*), so we get *ay* as the result of the whole B-reduction here.
A function in lambda calculus can only take one argument. The result of the function, its "return value", is a "string" it leaves behind after it's been processed with the reduction rules. This means a function can also return a function (and a function can be an argument to another function), which allows us to implement functions of multiple variables with so called *[currying](currying.md)*.
Wikipedia is a non-commercial, [free/open](free_culture.md) [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) [online](www.md) encyclopedia of general knowledge written mostly by volunteers, running on [free software](free_software.md), allowing almost anyone to edit its content (i.e. being a [wiki](wiki.md)); it is the largest and perhaps most famous encyclopedia created to date. It is licensed under [CC-BY-SA](cc_by_sa.md) and is run by the [nonprofit](nonprofit.md) organization Wikimedia Foundation. It is accessible at https://wikipedia.org. Wikipedia is a mainstream information source and therefore politically censored^1234567891011121314151617181920.
Wikipedia used to be a great project, however by 2022 it has become kind of a [politically correct](political_correctness.md) [joke](jokes.md). A tragic and dangerous joke at that. It's still useful in many ways but it just hardcore censors facts and even edits direct quotes to push a [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) propaganda. **Do not trust Wikipedia on anything even remotely touching politics**, always check facts elsewhere, e.g. on [Metapedia](metapedia.md), in old paper encyclopedias etc. You may also browse older, less censored versions of Wikipedia articles, either on Wikipedia itself, or -- if you don't trust it -- on [Internet Archive](internet_archive.md).
Shortly after the project started in 2001, wikipedia used to be a great project -- it was very similar to how LRS wiki looks right now; it was relatively unbiased, objective, well readable and used plain HTML and ASCII art (see it as https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePage), however over the years it got corrupt and by 2020s it has become a political battleground and kind of a [politically correct](political_correctness.md) [joke](jokes.md). A tragic and dangerous joke at that. It's still useful in many ways but it just hardcore censors facts and even edits direct quotes to push a [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) propaganda. **Do not trust Wikipedia, especially on anything even remotely touching politics**, always check facts elsewhere, e.g. in old paper books, on Metapedia, Infogalactic etc. As old Wikipedia is still accessible, you may also browse the older, less censored version, to see how it deranged from a project seeking truth to one abusing its popularity for propaganda.
Wikipedia exists in many (more than 200) versions differing mostly by the [language](language.md) used but also in other aspects; this includes e.g. Simple English Wikipedia or Wikipedia in [Esperanto](esperanto.md). In all versions combined there are over 50 million articles and over 100 million users. English Wikipedia is the largest with over 6 million articles.
@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ There are also many sister projects of Wikipedia such as [Wikimedia Commons](wm_
Information about hardware and software used by Wikimedia Foundation can be found at https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers. As of 2022 Wikipedia runs of the traditional [LAMP](lamp.md) framework and its website doesn't require [JavaScript](javascript.md) (amazing!). [Debian](debian.md) [GNU](gnu.md)/[Linux](linux.md) is used on web servers (switched from [Ubunatu](ubuntu.md) in 2019). The foundation uses its own [wiki](wiki.md) engine called [MediaWiki](mediawiki.md) that's written mainly in [PHP](php.md). Database used is [MariaDB](mariadb.md). The servers run on server clusters in 6 different data centers around the world which are rented: 3 in the [US](usa.md), 3 in [Europe](europe.md) and 1 in [Asia](asia.md).
Wikipedia was created by [Jimmy Wales](jimmy_wales.md) and [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md) and was launched on 15 January 2001. It was made as a complementary project alongside [Nupedia](nupedia.md), an earlier encyclopedia by Wales and Sanger to which only verified experts could contribute. Wikipedia of course has shown to be a much more successful project.
Wikipedia was created by [Jimmy Wales](jimmy_wales.md) and [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md) and was launched on 15 January 2001. The basic idea actually came from Ben Kovitz, a user of [wikiwikiweb](wikiwikiweb.md), who proposed it to Sanger. Wikipedia was made as a complementary project alongside [Nupedia](nupedia.md), an earlier encyclopedia by Wales and Sanger to which only verified experts could contribute. Wikipedia of course has shown to be a much more successful project.
There exist [forks](fork.md) and alternatives to Wikipedia. Simple English Wikipedia can offer a simpler alternative to sometimes overly complicated articles on the main English Wikipedia. [Citizendium](citizendium.md) is a similar online encyclopedia co-founded by [Larry Sanger](larry_sanger.md), a co-founder of Wikipedia itself, which is however [proprietary](proprietary.md) ([NC](nc.md) license). Citizendium's goal is to improve on some weak points of Wikipedia such as its reliability or quality of writing. [Metapedia](metapedia.md) and [Infogalactic](infogalactic.md) are a Wikipedia forks that are written from a more [rightist](left_right.md)/neutral point of view. [Infogalactic](infogalactic) is also a Wikipedia fork that tries to remove the [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) bullshit etc. Encyclopedia Britannica can also be used as a nice resource: its older versions are already [public domain](public_domain.md) and can be found e.g. at [Project Gutenberg](gutenberg.md), and there is also a modern online version of Britannica which is [proprietary](proprietary.md) (and littered with ads) but has pretty good articles even on modern topics (of course facts you find there are in the public domain). Practically for any specialized topic it is nowadays possible to find its own wiki on the Internet.
@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ Let's note a few positive and negative points about Wikipedia, as of 2022. Some
And the bad things are (see also this site: http://digdeeper.club/articles/wikipedia.xhtml):
- Wikipedia is **[censored](censorship.md), [politically correct](political_correctness.md), biased and pushes a harmful political propaganda**, even though it [proclaims the opposite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_censored) (which makes it much worse by misleading people). "Offensive" material and material not aligned with [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) propaganda is removed as well as material connected to some controversial resources (e.g the link to 8chan, https://8kun.top, is censored, as well as [Nina Paley](nina_paley.md)'s Jenndra Identitty comics and much more). There is a heavy **[pseudoleft](pseudoleft.md), [pseudoskeptic](pseudoskepticism.md) and [soyence](soyence.md) bias** in the articles. It creates a list of **banned sources** ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20220830004126/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources)) which just removes all non-[pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) sources -- so much for their "neutral point of view". It wasn't always this way, browsing pre 2010 Wikipedia provides a less censored experience.
- Wikipedia is **[censored](censorship.md), [politically correct](political_correctness.md), biased, pushes a harmful political propaganda and often just pure lies**, even though it [proclaims the opposite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_censored) (which makes it much worse by misleading people). "Offensive" material and material not aligned with [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) propaganda is removed as well as material connected to some controversial resources (e.g the link to 8chan, https://8kun.top, is censored, as well as [Nina Paley](nina_paley.md)'s Jenndra Identitty comics and much more). There is a heavy **[pseudoleft](pseudoleft.md), [pseudoskeptic](pseudoskepticism.md) and [soyence](soyence.md) bias** in the articles. It creates a list of **banned sources** ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20220830004126/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources)) which just removes all non-[pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) sources -- so much for their "neutral point of view". It wasn't always this way, browsing pre 2010 Wikipedia provides a less censored experience.
- Wikipedia includes material under **[fair use](fair_use.md)**, such as screenshots from proprietary games, which makes it partially [proprietary](proprietary.md), i.e. Wikipedia is technically **NOT 100% free**. Material under fair use is still proprietary and can put remixers to legal trouble (e.g. if they put material from Wikipedia to a commercial context), even if the use on Wikipedia itself is legal (remember, proprietary software is legal too).
- Wikipedia is **intentionally deceptive** -- it supports its claims by "citations" ("race is a social construct"^1234567891011121314151617181920) to make things look as objective facts, but the citations are firstly cherry picked (there is a list of banned sources), self-made (articles of Wikipedians themselves) and secondly the sources often don't even support the claim, they're literally there just for "good look". Not only do they practice censorship, they claim they do NOT practice censorship and then write article on censorship so as to define censorship in their own convenient way :) Furthermore their articles intentionally omit points of view of their political opponents.
- Wikipedia often suffers from writing inconsistency, bad structure of text and **poor writing** in general. In a long article you sometimes find repeating paragraphs, sometimes a lot of stress is put on one thing while mentioning more important things only briefly, the level of explanation expertness fluctuates etc. This is because in many articles most people make small contributions without reading the whole article and without having any visions of the whole. And of course there are many contributors without any writing skills.
@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ There are many interesting and entertaining pages and articles on Wikipedia, som
## Alternatives
Due to mass censorship and brainwashing going on at Wikipedia it is important to look for alternatives that are important especially when researching anything connected to politics. This is a comparison of Wikipedia and some of its alternatives, as of 2023:
Due to mass censorship and brainwashing going on at Wikipedia it is important to look for alternatives that are important especially when researching anything connected to politics, but also when you just want a simpler, more condensed explanation of some topic. This is a comparison of Wikipedia and some of its alternatives, as of 2023:
{ See also old Wikipedia at https://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race. ~drummyfish }
@ -12,8 +12,9 @@ In November 2021 YouTube removed the dislike count on videos so as to make it im
A typical 2022 YouTube video now looks like this:
- title: THEY SAID A WOMAN COULDN'T CODE MINECRAFT IN 24 MICROSECONDS SO I PROVED THEM WRONG, ALSO ALIEN LIFE FOUND
- thumbnail: bikini [MILF](milf.md), nipples half showing, overly excited face as if having a stroke, pointing at aliens playing Minecraft
- content: 10 minutes of pre-video unskippable ads, tranny shows up urging you to buy premium membership on Nord VPN, 10 minutes of unskippable ads for tranny underwear, tranny opens an [IDE](ide.md) that loads for 30 minutes, clicks the "generate game with AI" button, the computer crashes, "sorry for clickbait", 10 minutes of post video ads, "like, comment, give me money on patreon, subscribe, click the bell button, go to settings and check I want to see subscriptions I subscribe to, go to advanced setting and click "I really really really want to see my subscriptions I really do and will suck your dick", next video loads without asking, volume sets itself to 100%, browser close button disappears
- **title**: *THEY SAID A WOMAN COULDN'T CODE MINECRAFT IN 24 MICROSECONDS SO I PROVED THEM WRONG, ALSO LIFE FOUND ON MARS*
- **thumbnail**: bikini [MILF](milf.md), nipples half showing, overly excited face as if having a stroke, pointing at aliens playing Minecraft
- **content**: 10 minutes of pre-video unskippable ads, tranny shows up urging you to buy premium membership on Nord VPN, 10 minutes of unskippable ads for tranny underwear, tranny opens up C# [IDE](ide.md) that loads for 30 minutes, clicks the "generate game with AI" button, the computer crashes, "sorry for clickbait", 10 minutes of post video ads, "like, comment, give me money on patreon, subscribe, click the bell button, go to settings and check I want to see subscriptions I subscribe to, go to advanced setting and click I really really really want to see my subscriptions I really do and will suck your dick", next video loads without asking, volume sets itself to 300%, browser close button disappears
- **reactions**: trending video, 10 billion likes, dislikes not shown, comments disabled so that people can't warn others it's a waste of time
YouTube is also a [copyright](copyright.md) [dictatorship](dictatorship.md), anyone can take down any video containing even the slightest clip from a video he uploaded, even if such use would legally be allowed under [fair use](fair_use.md) and even if that user doesn't have any copyright to enforce (YouTube simply supposes that whoever uploads a video to their site first must have created that video as a whole and holds a godlike power over it), i.e. YouTube is [de facto](de_facto.md) making its own copyright laws which are much more strict that they are in real life (which is hard to imagine but they managed to do it). In other words there is a corporation that makes laws which effectively are basically just like normal laws except they don't even pass any law making process, their evaluation doesn't pass through justice system (courts), and the sole purpose of these laws is to rape people for money that goes solely to pay for YouTube CEO's whores and private jets. A reader in the future probably won't believe it, but there are even people who say that "this is OK" because, quote, I shit you not, """[they're a private company so they can do whatever they want](private_company_cant_do_whatever_it_wants.md)""". Yes, such arguments have come out of some lifeform's mouth. That probably implies a negative [IQ](iq.md).
