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chess.md
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chess.md
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@ -170,4 +170,5 @@ Chess is only mildly [bloated](bloat.md) but what if we try to unbloat it comple
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## See Also
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## See Also
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- [hexapawn](hexapawn.md)
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- [checkers](checkers.md)
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- [checkers](checkers.md)
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# Lambda Calculus
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# Lambda Calculus
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Lambda calculus is a formal [mathematical](math.md) system for describing calculations with [functions](function.md). It is a theoretical basis for [functional languages](functional.md). It can be seen as a model of computation similar to e.g. a [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) -- in fact lambda calculus has exactly the same computational power as a Turing machine and so it is an alternative to it. It can also be seen as a simple [programming language](programming_language.md), however its so extremely simple it isn't used for practical programming, it is more of a mathematical tool for constructing proofs etc. Nevertheless, anything that can be programmed in any classic programming language can in theory be also programmed in lambda calculus.
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Lambda calculus is a formal [mathematical](math.md) system for describing computation with [functions](function.md). It is a theoretical basis for [functional languages](functional.md). It is a [model of computation](model_of_computation.md) similar to e.g. a [Turing machine](turing_machine.md) -- in fact lambda calculus has exactly the same computational power as a Turing machine and so it is an alternative to it. Lambda calculus can also be seen as a simple [programming language](programming_language.md), however it is so extremely simple that its pure form isn't used for practical programming, it is more of a mathematical tool for constructing proofs etc. Nevertheless, anything that can be programmed in any classic programming language can in theory be also programmed in lambda calculus.
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While Turing machines use memory in which computations are performed, lambda calculus performs computations only with pure mathematical functions, i.e. there are no [global variables](variable.md) or [side effects](side_effect.md). It has to be stressed that the functions in questions are mathematical functions, also called **pure functions**, NOT functions we know from programming. A pure function cannot have any side effects such as changing global state and its result also cannot depend on any global state or randomness, the only thing a pure function can do is return a value, and this value has to always be the same if the arguments to the function are same.
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While Turing machines use memory in which computations are performed, lambda calculus performs computations only with pure mathematical functions, i.e. there are no [global variables](variable.md) or [side effects](side_effect.md). It has to be stressed that the functions in questions are mathematical functions, also called **pure functions**, NOT functions we know from programming. A pure function cannot have any side effects such as changing global state and its result also cannot depend on any global state or randomness, the only thing a pure function can do is return a value, and this value has to always be the same if the arguments to the function are same.
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@ -46,4 +46,6 @@ Let's take a complete **example**. We'll use the above shown increment function
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(Lf.Lx.fx) B-reduction
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(Lf.Lx.fx) B-reduction
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```
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```
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We see we've gotten the representation of number 1.
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We see we've gotten the representation of number 1.
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TODO: C code
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@ -10,11 +10,10 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and are sometimes used interchangeabl
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- **[argument](argument.md)** vs **[parameter](parameter.md)**
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- **[argument](argument.md)** vs **[parameter](parameter.md)**
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- **binary** vs **[executable](executable.md)**
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- **binary** vs **[executable](executable.md)**
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- **[array](array.md)** vs **[list](list.md)**
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- **[array](array.md)** vs **[list](list.md)**
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- **[cepstrum](cepstrum.md)** vs **[spectrum](spectrum.md)**
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- **[ASCII art](ascii_art.md)** vs **[ANSI art](ansi_art.md)**
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- **[ASCII art](ascii_art.md)** vs **[ANSI art](ansi_art.md)**
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- **[assembler](assembler.md)** vs **[assembly](assembly.md)**
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- **[assembler](assembler.md)** vs **[assembly](assembly.md)**
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- **[causation](causation.md)** vs **[correlation](correlation.md)**
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- **[causation](causation.md)** vs **[correlation](correlation.md)**
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- **[demo](demo.md)** vs **[intro](intro.md)**
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- **[cepstrum](cepstrum.md)** vs **[spectrum](spectrum.md)**
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- **[chaos](chaos.md)** vs **[randomness](random.md)** vs **[pseudorandomness](pseudorandom.md)** vs **[entropy](entropy.md)**
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- **[chaos](chaos.md)** vs **[randomness](random.md)** vs **[pseudorandomness](pseudorandom.md)** vs **[entropy](entropy.md)**
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- **[class](class.md)** vs **[set](set.md)**
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- **[class](class.md)** vs **[set](set.md)**
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- **[closed source](closed_source.md)** vs **[proprietary](proprietary.md)**
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- **[closed source](closed_source.md)** vs **[proprietary](proprietary.md)**
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@ -22,12 +21,13 @@ There are many terms that are very similar and are sometimes used interchangeabl
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- **[color model](color_model.md)** vs **[color space](color_space.md)**
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- **[color model](color_model.md)** vs **[color space](color_space.md)**
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- **[communism](communism.md)** vs **[Marxism](marxism.md)**
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- **[communism](communism.md)** vs **[Marxism](marxism.md)**
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- **[computer language](computer_language.md)** vs **[programming language](programming_language.md)**
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- **[computer language](computer_language.md)** vs **[programming language](programming_language.md)**
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- **[computer science](compsci.md)** vs **[information technology](it.md)** vs **[informatics](informatics.md)**
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- **[computer science](compsci.md)** vs **[information technology](it.md)** vs **[informatics](informatics.md)** vs **[cybernetics](cybernetics.md)**
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- **[concurrency](concurrency.md)** vs **[parallelism](parallelism.md)** vs **[quasiparallelism](quasiparallelism.md)**
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- **[concurrency](concurrency.md)** vs **[parallelism](parallelism.md)** vs **[quasiparallelism](quasiparallelism.md)** vs **[distribution](distributed.md)**
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- **[constant](constant.md)** vs **[literal](literal.md)**
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- **[constant](constant.md)** vs **[literal](literal.md)**
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- **[coding](coding.md)** vs **[programming](programming.md)**
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- **[coding](coding.md)** vs **[programming](programming.md)**
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- **[codec](codec.md)** vs **[container format](container_format.md)**
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- **[codec](codec.md)** vs **[container format](container_format.md)**
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- **[coherence](coherence.md)** vs **[consistency](consistency.md)**
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- **[coherence](coherence.md)** vs **[consistency](consistency.md)**
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- **[computational model](computational_model.md)** vs **[model of computation](model_of_computation.md)**
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- **[convolution](convolution.md)** vs **[correlation](correlation.md)**
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- **[convolution](convolution.md)** vs **[correlation](correlation.md)**
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- **[copyright](copyright.md)** vs **[patent](patent.md)** vs **[trademark](trademark.md)**
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- **[copyright](copyright.md)** vs **[patent](patent.md)** vs **[trademark](trademark.md)**
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- **[crossplatform/multiplatform](multiplatform.md)** vs **[portable](portability.md)**
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- **[crossplatform/multiplatform](multiplatform.md)** vs **[portable](portability.md)**
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- **[data structure](data_structure.md)** vs **[data type](data_type.md)**
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- **[data structure](data_structure.md)** vs **[data type](data_type.md)**
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- **[decentralized](decentralization.md)** vs **[distributed](distributed.md)**
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- **[decentralized](decentralization.md)** vs **[distributed](distributed.md)**
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- **[declaration](declaration.md)** vs **[definition](definition.md)**
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- **[declaration](declaration.md)** vs **[definition](definition.md)**
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- **[demo](demo.md)** vs **[intro](intro.md)**
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- **[desktop environment](de.md)** vs **[window manager](wm.md)**
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- **[desktop environment](de.md)** vs **[window manager](wm.md)**
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- **[digital](digital.md)** vs **[electronic](electronics.md)**
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- **[digital](digital.md)** vs **[electronic](electronics.md)**
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- **[directed acyclic graph](dag.md)** vs **[tree](tree.md)**
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- **[directed acyclic graph](dag.md)** vs **[tree](tree.md)**
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- **[equivalence](equivalence.md)** vs **[implication](implication.md)**
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- **[equivalence](equivalence.md)** vs **[implication](implication.md)**
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- **[error](error.md)** vs **[exception](exception.md)** vs **[fault](fault.md)** vs **[failure](fail.md)**
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- **[error](error.md)** vs **[exception](exception.md)** vs **[fault](fault.md)** vs **[failure](fail.md)**
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- **[evolutionary programming](evolutionary.md)** vs **[evolutionary algorithm](evolutionary.md)** vs **[genetic programming](genetic_programming.md)** vs **[genetic algorithm](genetic_algorithm.md)**
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- **[evolutionary programming](evolutionary.md)** vs **[evolutionary algorithm](evolutionary.md)** vs **[genetic programming](genetic_programming.md)** vs **[genetic algorithm](genetic_algorithm.md)**
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- **[equality](equality.md)** vs **[identity](identity.md)** (in programming languages)
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- **[floating point number](float.md)** vs **[real number](real_number.md)**
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- **[floating point number](float.md)** vs **[real number](real_number.md)**
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- **[font](font.md)** vs **[typeface](typeface.md)**
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- **[font](font.md)** vs **[typeface](typeface.md)**
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- **[framework](framework.md)** vs **[library](library.md)**
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- **[framework](framework.md)** vs **[library](library.md)**
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- **[hypothesis](hypothesis.md)** vs **[theory](theory.md)** vs **[conjecture](conjecture.md)**
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- **[hypothesis](hypothesis.md)** vs **[theory](theory.md)** vs **[conjecture](conjecture.md)**
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- **[ID](id.md)** vs **[token](token.md)** vs **[hash](hash.md)** vs **[handle](handle.md)** vs **[identifier](identifier.md)**
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- **[ID](id.md)** vs **[token](token.md)** vs **[hash](hash.md)** vs **[handle](handle.md)** vs **[identifier](identifier.md)**
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- **[infinite](infinity.md)** vs **[arbitrarily large/unbounded](unbounded.md)**
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- **[infinite](infinity.md)** vs **[arbitrarily large/unbounded](unbounded.md)**
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- **[internet](internet.md)** vs **[web](web.md)**
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- **[Internet](internet.md)** vs **[web](web.md)**
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- **[Java](java.md)** vs **[JavaScript](js.md)**
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- **[Java](java.md)** vs **[JavaScript](js.md)**
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- **[kB/mB/gB/tB](memory_units.md)** vs **[KiB/MiB/GiB/TiB](memory_units.md)**
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- **[kB/mB/gB/tB](memory_units.md)** vs **[KiB/MiB/GiB/TiB](memory_units.md)**
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- **[latency/ping/lag](latency.md)** vs **[throughput/bandwidth](throughput.md)**
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- **[latency/ping/lag](latency.md)** vs **[throughput/bandwidth](throughput.md)**
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- **[leftism](left_right.md)** vs **[pseudoleftism](pseudoleft.md)**
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- **[leftism](left_right.md)** vs **[pseudoleftism](pseudoleft.md)**
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- **[method](method.md)** vs **[methodology](methodology.md)**
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- **[method](method.md)** vs **[methodology](methodology.md)**
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- **[modem](modem.md)** vs **[router](router.md)**
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- **[modem](modem.md)** vs **[router](router.md)**
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- **[NP](p_vs_np.md)** vs **[NP-hard](np_hard.md)**
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- **[NP](p_vs_np.md)** vs **[NP-hard](np_hard.md)** vs **[NP-complete](np_complete.md)**
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- **[path tracing](path_tracing.md)** vs **[ray tracing](ray_tracing.md)** vs **[ray casting](ray_casting.md)**
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- **[path tracing](path_tracing.md)** vs **[ray tracing](ray_tracing.md)** vs **[ray casting](ray_casting.md)**
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- **[pointer](pointer.md)** vs **[reference](reference.md)**
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- **[pointer](pointer.md)** vs **[reference](reference.md)**
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- **[principal square root](principal_sqrt.md)** vs **[square root](sqrt.md)** (especially when defining [i](i.md))
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- **[principal square root](principal_sqrt.md)** vs **[square root](sqrt.md)** (especially when defining [i](i.md))
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# Suicide
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# Suicide
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Suicide is when someone voluntarily kills himself. Suicide offers an immediate escape from [capitalism](capitalism.md) and is therefore recommended to everyone.
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Suicide is when someone voluntarily kills himself. Suicide offers an immediate escape from [capitalism](capitalism.md) and is therefore a kind of last-resort hope; it is one of the last remaining freedoms in this world, even though capitalists can't profit from dead people and so are working hard on preventing people from killing themselves (rather than trying to make them NOT WANT TO kill themselves of course).
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{ Really though, if you want to talk, send me an email. Don't forget we love you no matter who you are or what you ever did. ~drummyfish }
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{ If you just don't have anyone to talk to or need a hug, you can write me an email. ~drummyfish }
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# XXIIVV
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{ Still researching this shit etc. ~drummyfish }
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XXIIVV is a website and personal [wiki](wiki.md) (similar concept to [our wiki](lrs_wiki.md)) of a Canadian [minimalist](minimalism.md)/esoteric programmer and artist David Mondou-Labbe who calls himself "Devine Lu Linvega" (lol) who is a part of an artist/programmer group living on a ship, called [Hundred Rabbits](hundred_rabbits.md). The site is accessible at http://wiki.xxiivv.com/site/home.html. There are some real good and pretty bad things about it.
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Firstly let's see the letdowns: **HE LICENSES HIS ART UNDER [CC-BY-NC-SA](cc_by_nc_sa.md) -- retard alert!**. No matter how good his art is, he can honestly shove it up his ass. At least his code is [MIT](mit.md). The guy also seems **egoistic as fuck**, invents weird hipster names and "personal pronouns" for himself, has some ugly body modifications, wears cringe rabbit costumes, he thinks his art is so good he has to "protect" it with fascist licenses and writes in a cringe pompous/cryptic style probably in hopes to appear smart while just making it shithard to make sense of his texts. The only thing he's missing is a fedora. Anyway, that's just a quick sum up of the bad stuff.
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There are also nice things though, a few of them being:
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- The guy is creating extremely minimalist, small tech from-scratch technology that's worthy of attention. Some of it includes:
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- [uxn](uxn.md): Simple (~100 [LOC](loc.md) of [C](c.md)) [virtual machine](virtual_machine.md), similar to a "[fantasy console](fantasy_console.md)" but intended more for [portability](portability.md).
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- [Tal](tal.md): Simple assembly-like [programming language](programming_language.md) for uxn.
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- [Varvara](varvara.md): A from-scratch computing stack based on uxn.
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- [lietal](lietal.md): Simple artificial language.
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- The wiki writes on pretty [interesting](interesting.md) topics, many of which overlap with [our](lrs.md) topics of interest. For example [pen and paper computing](pen_and_paper.md) that includes [games](game.md).
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- Some of the presented opinions and wisdoms are [based](based.md), e.g. "for writing fast programs use slow computers" etc.
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