# Procedural Generation Procedural generation (procgen, not to be confused with [procedural programming](imperative.md)) refers to creation of data, such as [art](art.md) assets in [games](game.md) or test data for data processing software, by using [algorithms](algorithm.md) and mathematical formulas rather than creating it manually or measuring it in the real world (e.g. by taking photographs). This can be used for example for automatic generation of [textures](texture.md), texts, [music](music.md), game levels or 3D models but also practically anything else, e.g. test [databases](database.md), animations or even computer programs. Such data are also called *synthetic*. Procedural art currently doesn't reach artistic qualities of a skilled human artist, but it can be [good enough](good_enough.md) or even necessary (e.g. for creating extremely large worlds), it may be preferred e.g. for its extreme save of storage memory, it can help add detail to human work, be a good filler, a substitute, an addition to or a basis for manually created art. Procedural generation has many advantages such as saving space (instead of large data we only store small code of the algorithm that generates it), saving artist's time (once we have an algorithm we can generate a lot data extremely quickly), parametrization (we can tweak parameters of the algorithm to control the result or create animation, often in real-time), increasing resolution practically to infinity or extending data to more dimensions (e.g. [3D textures](3d_texture.md)). Procedural generation can also be used as a helper and guidance, e.g. an artist may use a procedurally generated game level as a starting point and fine tune it manually, or vice versa, procedural algorithm may create a level by algorithmically assembling manually created building blocks. As neural [AI](ai.md) approaches human level of creativity, we may see computers actually replacing many artists in near future, however it is debatable whether AI generated content should be called procedural generation as AI models are quite different from the traditional hand-made algorithms -- AI art is still seen as a separate approach than procedural generation. For this we'll only be considering the traditional approach from now on. [Minecraft](minecraft.md) (or [Minetest](minetest.md)) is a popular example of a game in which the world is generated procedurally, which allows it to have near-infinite worlds -- size of such a world is in practice limited only by ranges of [data types](data_type.md) rather than available memory. [Roguelikes](roguelike.md) also heavily utilize procgen. However this is nothing new, for example the old game called Daggerfall was known for its extremely vast procedurally generated world, and even much older games used this approach. Some amount of procedural generation can be seen probably in most mainstream games, e.g. clouds, vegetation or NPCs are often made procedurally. For its extreme save of space procedural generation is extremely popular in [demoscene](demo.md) where programmers try to create as small programs as possible. German programmers made a full fledged 3D shooter called [.kkrieger](kkrieger.md) that fits into just 96 kB! It was thanks to heavy use of procedural generation for the whole game content. [Bytebeat](bytebeat.md) is a simple method of generating procedural "8bit" music, it is used e.g. in [Anarch](anarch.md). Procedural generation is generally popular in indie game dev thanks to offering a way of generating huge amounts of content quickly and without having to pay artists. We may see procgen as being similar to [compression](compression.md) algorithms: we have large data and are looking for an algorithm that's much smaller while being able to reproduce the data (but here we normally go the other way around, we start with the algorithm and see what data it produces rather than searching for an algorithm that produces given data). [John Carmack](john_carmack.md) himself called procgen "basically a shitty compression". Using **[fractals](fractal.md)** (e.g. those in a form of [L-system](l_system.md)) is a popular technique in procgen because fractals basically perfectly fit the definition perfectly: a fractal is defined by a simple equation or a set of a few rules that yield an infinitely complex shape. Nature is also full of fractals such as clouds, mountain or trees, so fractals look organic. There are also other techniques such as [wave function](wave_function.md) collapse which is used especially in tile map generation. Here we basically have some constraints set (such as which tiles can be neighbors) and then consider the initial map a [superposition](superposition.md) of all possible maps that satisfy these constraints -- we then set a random tile (chosen from those with lowest [entropy](entropy.md), i.e. fewest possible options) to a random specific value and propagate the consequences of it to other tiles causing a cascading effect of collapsing the whole map into one of the possible solutions. A good example to think of is generating procedural [textures](texture.md). This is generally done by first generating a basis image or multiple images, e.g. with **[noise](noise.md) functions** such as [Perlin noise](perlin_noise.md) (it gives us a grayscale image that looks a bit like clouds). We then further process this base image(s) and combine the results in various ways, for example we may use different transformations, [modulations](modulation.md), blending, adding color using [color ramps](color_ramp.md) etc. The whole texture is therefore described by a [graph](graph.md) in which nodes represent the operations we apply; this can literally be done visually in software like [Blender](blender.md) (see its [shader](shader.md) editor). The nice thing is that we can now for example generalize the texture to 3 dimensions, i.e. not only have a flat image, but have a whole volume of a texture that can extremely easily be mapped to 3D objects simply by intersecting it with their surfaces which will yield a completely smooth texturing without any seams; this is quite often used along with [raytracing](raytracing.md) -- we can texture an object by simply taking the coordinates of the ray hit as the 3D texture coordinates, it's that simple. Or we can animate a 2D texture by doing a moving cross section of 3D texture. We can also write the algorithm so that the generated texture has no seams if repeated side-by-side (by using modular "wrap-around" coordinates). We can also generate the texture at any arbitrary resolution as we have a continuous mathematical description of it; we may perform an infinite zoom into it if we want. As if that's not enough, we can also generate almost infinitely many slightly different versions of this texture by simply changing the [seed](seed.md) of [pseudorandom](pseudorandom.md) generator we use. We use procedural generation mainly in two ways: - **offline/explicit**: We pre-generate the data before we run the program, i.e. we let the algorithm create our art, save it to a file and then use it as we would use traditionally created art. - **realtime/implicit**: We generate the data on the fly and only parts of it that we currently need (this of course requires an algorithm that is able to generate any part of the data independently of its other parts; for example for a procedural texture each pixel's color should only be determined by its coordinates). For example with a procedural texture mapped onto a 3D model, we would only compute the texture pixels ([texels](texel.md)) that we are actually drawing: this has the advantage of giving an infinite resolution of the texture because no matter how close-up we view the model, we can always compute exactly the pixels we need. This would typically be implemented inside a fragment/pixel [shader](shader.md) program. This is also used in the voxel games that generate the world only in the area the player currently occupies. Indeed we may also do something "in between", e.g. generate procedural assets into temporary files or RAM [caches](cache.md) at run time and depending on the situation, for example when purely realtime generation of such assets would be too slow. ## Examples Here are some cool [ASCII renderings](ascii_art.md) of procedurally generated pictures: ``` ....,':..:.,.c;:,,.,'M0....',:c.,c,'o:xcx.',.'l:,;'.:., ...''.'..:.,.;,''x0Xoc;:::::;lo.':o,c;;c..:l.,''..,..., .',......',;':',oKxl:'.........',;cX:o0k.'l':''......,. .;........''';l.:x;,Kkocl;::::;lcxX':cX;'o',,........., .:.'........'l;.Kc:Xol:,'.......'':;ck0c'.l',.'.......' l.'.''.....'.:..XlXo;,'..xooccooxkXKMW.'.:,:..,'..',.,, ...,;,....,.:,.olcxl:'.cl;::,,,::;;coklxolcl..',';'::,' '':c:.;'.:'l,..oxo:;,.l:,''......'',:.,...'',;;c..c:o;c x.''.l':k'.l,..oc;;;,;:''.....xxkXK0xKxxxxxk.''''',:.,' xlc00lkl,.xc;.Xxl::,,:,'...;;;llccol;l;;lllxxxxxkkK;ck' c:kX:x:klWKxl.KXc;,,'.'..,,,,,,::;,,,,:,:,cooxkK,:;cxKW oo':o,kl,Kxl:'MKk;;,'....''..''''''''','''',,:;coX0,;oX c.,o,Xc,.kc;,.Kkoc;:'...............''',,:;c..',;ck.';o .:.:.o:'.xl:'..xc;:,''..................'',:lo..,:ck.:c ;.l'.l,..o;,'..ol;,''..............'',;...',:lx..,lx.,c 'x:.xl,..o;:'...l:,''...... ......'',:l...':;o..,lx.:x .c,.xl,..xl:,'...;,''..............'',;lo..',;o..,l.'l. .c:.kc:,..ol:,''..................'',:;cx..':lx.':o.:.: 0o;'.kc;,'..c;:,,'''...............':;cokK.,;ck.,cX,o,. 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',,.,'..',..:,:.'.WMKXkxooccoox..',;oXlX..:.'.....''.'. ;'.......'.,'l.'c0kc;:''.......',:loX:cK.;l'........'.: ,,.........,,'o';Xc:'Xxcl;::::;lcokK,;x:.l;'''........; ..,......'':'l'.k0o:Xc;,'.........':lxKo,':';,'......,' .,...,..'',.l:..c;;c,o:'.ol;:::::;coX0x'',;.,.:..'.''.. 0KXXkkxxooooccccccoxo;:,'...',:;lcoxXWKXkkxxxooooccccco XMXxxooocccclllllllllcl:,'...',:;lcokK0Xxxoooccclllllll kK0Xxocccllll;;;;;;;;;;l;,'..'',:;lcxk0Kkooccclll;;;;;; xXMKkocllll;;;;:::::::::;;,'..',:;lcoxXMXxoclll;;;;;::: okKKkxclll;;;;:::::::,:::;:'..'',:;loxXMXkocll;;;;::::: okK0kxcll;;;;:::::::,,,::::,...',:;lcxX0Kkocll;;;;::::: xk0Kkoclll;;;;:::::::::::;:'..',,:;coxXWXxoclll;;;;:::: xXWXxocclll;;;;;;:::::;;l:,...',:;lcokK0kxocclll;;;;;:: k0Kkxooccclllll;;;;;;lll:,'..',:;lcoxXMXkooocccllll;;;; K0Xkxxxoooccccclllccoc;:,'..',,:;lcxk0Kkkxxooocccccllll W0KXXkkxxxoooooooxkol;,''..',,:;lcokKM0KXXkkxxxooooooox K0MM0KXXXkkkkkXK0kcl:,''..'',:;lcokXXK0W00KXXXkkkkkXKMx kXXK00WMM00MW0k0xcl:,''..'',:;lcoxxxkkXKK0MWM000MMKkXol xkkkXXXKKKXXxkKxcl;:,'...',,:;lccooxxxkkXXXKKKKXkxXXoc; xxxkkkkkkkxoxMkol;:,''..'',:;llcccoooxxxkkkkkkkxckKxcl; oxxxxkkkkxolk0xcl;:,'...'',:;llcccooooxxxxkkkxxooKXxcl; oxxxkkkkkxxck0kol;:,'...'',:;llcccoooxxxxkkkkkxocXKxcl; xxkkkXXXXXkxcKXoc;:,''...',::;lccoooxxxkkkXXXXXkxxWkol; kkXXKK000000XkKkol;:,'...'',:;lcooxxxkkXXKK00000KXoMxcl XKK0W00KKXXXXK0XXol;:,'. .',::;lcxkkXXK0MM0KKKXXXKKWXkc 0W0KKXkkkxxxxxxxkKxc;:,'...',:;;coxXK0M0KXXkkkxxxxxxxkM 0KXkkxxxooooccccccoxol:,'...',:;lcoxXMKXkkxxxoooccccccc XMXkxooocccllllllllllcc;,'...',:;lcokK0Xxxoooccclllllll kK0Xxocccllll;;;;;;;;;;l;,'..'',:;lcxk0Kkxoccllll;;;;;; xX0Kkocllll;;;;:::::::::;;,'..',:;lcoxXMXxoclll;;;;;::: okKKkxclll;;;;:::::::,:::;:'..'',:;loxXMXkocll;;;;::::: okK0kxclll;;;:::::::,,,::::,...',:;lcxX0Kkocll;;;;::::: xk0Kkoclll;;;;:::::::::::;:'..',,:;coxXWXxoclll;;;;:::: xXWXxoccllll;;;;;:::::;;c:,...',:;lcokK0kxocclll;;;;;:: k0Kkxooccclllll;;;;;;lcl:,'..',:;lcoxXWXxooocccllll;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ll;;;;;;;;;;;;llllll;;;;;;;;;;;;llcxolllcXocl;;;;;;;;;; .',ol;;;;;;lol:,,,,,;Kl;;;;;;lo:'...........',ll;;;;;;l ....:c;;;;lc,'.......':c;;;;ll'....':;ll:,'....,o;;;;lK ;'...;l;;;l;'.........,o;;;;x'...,xl;;;;;;ll'...:l;;;ll c:...'c;;;;o,'.......'cl;;;l:...'xl;;;;;;;;l;'..'0;;;;c x,...';l;;;;lcc:,,:;xl;;;;;K'...';cl;;;;;;lx,'...:l;;;; '.....';l;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;lW,.....',;xoookc:,'....':c;;; .......',:ocll;;;;;;llck;,'..........''''.........',:co ...........''''''''''''...............................' ....................................................... '''.............................'',,:::::,,,''......... ;lcl,'......',:;;l;:,''......':xl;;;;;;;;;;;lcc,'...... ;;;;l;'...':Wll;;;;;lo;'....,x;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;ll'...., l;;;;l,...,kl;;;;;;;;;c:...'k;;;;lo:,'''',ll;;;;l:...'l :c;;;;c'..'ll;;;;;;;;;o,...:l;;;lc'.......',o;;;;o'..'; :o;;;;l,...':ol;;;;lll,...'X;;;;l;'.......',Xl;;;l:...' xl;;;;;c:'.....'''''.....'ol;;;;;cl,''''',:Wl;;;;;l:'.. ;;;;;;;;lo;,'........'':xl;;;;;;;;;llccccll;;;;;;;;lcl, ;;;;;;;;;;;;llllllllll;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; :coll;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;lck;,,'''''',:lxll;;;;;;; ...';l;;;;;;lloxllckcl;;;;;;lW,'..............':c;;;;;; '....:l;;;;lo,'....',;c;;;;;X'...',ocllllo;,....,c;;;;l l;'..'0;;;;c:'......',k;;;;l,...,o;;;;;;;;;ll'..'l;;;;l ;c,...:l;;;;o:''...',ol;;;;o'..'cl;;;;;;;;;;c:...,c;;;; lX,...'ll;;;;;llcccl;;;;;;o,...';l;;;;;;;;;lo,...';l;;; ;,'....':cl;;;;;;;;;;;;;lc,.....':Kcllllllcl,'....':xl; '........'',;cKoccoxo;:,'........''',,,,,,''.... ...'', ``` These were created in extremely simple way, without even using any [noise](noise.md) -- each picture here has each pixel computed by plugging the *x* and *y* coordinate to a quite simple equation using basic functions like [sine](sin.md), [square root](sqrt.md), absolute value, triangle wave etc. More complex methods will probably iteratively apply various filters, they may employ things like [cellular automata](cellular_automaton.md) and so on, however here you see even a very [simple](kiss.md) approach may often be [good enough](good_enough.md). The [C](c.md) code to generate the pictures above is following (for simplicity using [floats](float.md) and math.h, which in serious programs should be avoided): { NOTE: The equations for the functions were made by me when I was playing around with another project. I have uploaded them to Wikimedia Commons, you can find actual png pictures there. ~drummyfish } ``` #include #include #define W 55 #define H 30 // helper stuff: char palette[] = "WM0KXkxocl;:,'. "; double min(double a, double b) { return a < b ? a : b; } double max(double a, double b) { return a > b ? a : b; } double absMy(double x) { return x < 0 ? -1 * x : x; } double gauss(double x) { return exp((-1 * x * x) / 2); } double tri(double x) { x = absMy(x); int whole = x; double frac = x - whole; return whole % 2 ? 1 - frac : frac; } void drawFunction(double (*f)(double, double), double xFrom, double yFrom, double xTo, double yTo) { double v1 = 0xffffffff, v2 = -1 * v1; double sX = (xTo - xFrom) / W, sY = (yTo - yFrom) / H; for (int y = 0; y < H; ++y) for (int x = 0; x < W; ++x) { double v = f(xFrom + x * sX,yFrom + y * sY); if (v > v2) v2 = v; if (v < v1) v1 = v; } v2 -= v1; if (v2 == 0) v2 = 0.0001; for (int y = 0; y < H; ++y) { for (int x = 0; x < W; ++x) putchar(palette[(int) (15 * ((min(v2,max(0,f(xFrom + x * sX,yFrom + y * sY) - v1))) / v2))]); putchar('\n'); } } // ==== ACTUAL INTERESTING FUNCTIONS HERE === double fSnakes(double x, double y) { return sqrt(tri(x + sqrt(tri(x + 0.4 * sin(y*3))))); } double fYinYang(double x, double y) { double r = sin(1.2 * y + 2.5 * sin(x) + 2 * cos(2.25 * y) * sin(x)); return log(2 * sqrt(absMy(r)) - r); } double fSwirl(double x, double y) { return gauss( fmod((x * x),(absMy(sin(x + y)) + 0.001)) + fmod((y * y),(absMy(sin(x - y)) + 0.001))); } int main(void) { drawFunction(fSwirl,-2,-2,2,2); putchar('\n'); drawFunction(fSnakes,-1,-1,2,2); putchar('\n'); drawFunction(fYinYang,-4,-4,4,4); } ``` Now let's take a look at some iterative algorithm: an extremely simple dungeon generator. All it's going to do is just randomly choose a cardinal direction (up, right, down, left), draw a line of random length, and repeat the same from the line's endpoint, until predefined number of lines has been drawn. Here is the C code: ``` #include #define W 30 // world width #define H 30 // world height char world[H * W]; // 2D world array unsigned int r = 12345; // random seed here unsigned int random() { r = r * 321 + 29; return r >> 4; } void generateWorld() { int steps = 100; // draw this many lines int pos = 0; int add = 1; // movement offset int nextLineIn = 1; for (int i = 0; i < H * W; ++i) world[i] = ' '; while (steps) { world[pos] = 'X'; nextLineIn--; int nextPos = pos + add; if (nextPos < 0 || nextPos >= W * H || // going over world edge? (add == 1 && nextPos % W == 0) || (add == -1 && nextPos % W == W - 1)) nextLineIn = 0; else pos = nextPos; if (nextLineIn <= 0) { steps--; nextLineIn = W / 5 + random() % (W / 3); add = (random() & 0x10) ? W : 1; if (rand() & 0x80) add *= -1; } } } int main(void) { generateWorld(); for (int i = 0; i < H * W; ++i) // draw { char c = world[i]; putchar(c); putchar(c); if ((i + 1) % W == 0) putchar('\n'); } return 0; } ``` And here is one possible output of the program: ``` XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX XXXX XX XX XXXX XX XX X XXXX XXXX XX XX XXXX XX XX X XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX X XXXX XXXX XX XX XX XXXX XX XX X XXXX XXXX XX XX XX XXXX XX X XXXX XXXX XX XX XX XXXX XX X XXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X XX XX XX XX XX XXXX XX X XX XX XX XX XX XXXX XX X XXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XXXX X XX XX XX XX XX XXXX X XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX X XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XX XX XX X XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XX XX XX X XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX X XX XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XX XX XX XX X XX XX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX XX XX XX XX XX XX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XX ``` TODO: some example with noise