@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ Some things that are bullshit include:
- [law](law.md)
- [licenses](license.md)
- "life coaching" [lmao](lmao.md)
- [market](market.md)
- [marketing](marketing.md), ads
- [money](money.md)
- [police](police.md)
@ -42,6 +43,7 @@ Some things that are bullshit include:
- [UML](uml.md)
- [unions](union.md)
- [wars](war.md)
- Anything justified by "economy needing it" is 100% pure bullshit.
- ...
OK then, what's not bullshit? Well, things that matter, for example [food](food.md), health, [education](education.md), [love](love.md), [fun](fun.md), [art](art.md), [technology](technology.md), knowledge about the world, [science](science.md), [morality](morality.md), exploration, ...
@ -33,7 +33,9 @@ This place is for suggesting programming projects that will in first place serve
5. **rock, paper scissors**: Make a game of rock paper scissors, the player plays against the computer.
6. **average**: Make a program that reads two numbers (you can assume only non-negative integers will be input) and writes out their average (it can be rounded, even to just integer, e.g. 3 and 8 can give 5).
7. **kawaii filter**: Make a program that will filter input text to make it more kawai senpai. It has to read characters from input until end is reached (you can consider either EOF or end of line the end of input, that's up to you), outputting each character it reads as soon as it reads it, except for letters *r*/*R* that will be replaced with *w*/*W*. Also when period is read, the word *desu* must be output before it. For example the input *"This program is really good."* will produce output *"This pwogwam is weally good desu."*.
8. **[Nim](nim.md)**: Implement the simple variant of the game Nim for two human players -- At the beginning there will be 15 matches, players take turn, in each turn a player can take 1, 2 or 3 matches. That who takes the last one loses. The game has to show the number of matches as a numeral and also as some kind of symbols, for example: `|||||||||||||||`. Players have to input `1`, `2` or `3` to play their turn, on wrong input the game has to report error and ask again. At the end winner must be shown. Thumbs up for randomly setting the initial number of matches between 10 and 15.
8. **info tool**: Make a tool that will output some basic info about real world, the computer, its operating system or the programming language -- you have to really retrieve this info e.g. using standard library, OS files, language's built-in functions etc. When run, it has to output at least three of the following things: current time, current date, operating system name and version, programming language version, native integer size in bits, amount of computer RAM, free disk space, CPU name and/or frequency and/or number of cores or locale info (language, timezone, ...). (hints: see *time.h*, *limits.h*, *locale.h*, *man system* etc.)
9. **[ASCII art](ascii_art.md) animation**: Program a simple ASCII art animation that will play in terminal -- just make a few frames of the animation in some text editor, then make a program that will show one frame after another. After each frame write out like 50 spaces to scroll the old frame away from the screen, then draw the next frame. The animation can be advanced just with a key press, i.e. you can just have a loop that draws the frames and at the end of the loop you just wait for user input (but thumbs up if you can figure out how to pause for some fixed time after each frame).
10. **[Nim](nim.md)**: Implement the simple variant of the game Nim for two human players -- At the beginning there will be 15 matches, players take turn, in each turn a player can take 1, 2 or 3 matches. That who takes the last one loses. The game has to show the number of matches as a numeral and also as some kind of symbols, for example: `|||||||||||||||`. Players have to input `1`, `2` or `3` to play their turn, on wrong input the game has to report error and ask again. At the end winner must be shown. Thumbs up for randomly setting the initial number of matches between 10 and 15.
### Level 1: Easy, *I'm Too Young To Die*
@ -102,7 +104,7 @@ Here are some questions to test your LRS related knowledge :D
3. Why is text written on a piece of paper flipped horizontally when viewed in a mirror -- why is it not flipped vertically?
4. Say we want to generate a random number from 0 to 999 (including both) with uniform probability distribution (i.e. every number is equally likely). In C we often do it using the modulo operator like this: `int num = rand() % 1000`. However there is a problem with this -- describe what the problem is and how its negative effect can be reduced. Hint: it's called *modulo bias*.
5. What's the difference between [data](data.md) and [information](information.md)?
6. Bob has written a program and died. The program is now [unmaintained](maintenance.md). Bob's program uses 10 libraries. The probability that the API of one such library will be [updated](update_culture.md) and changed in any given year is 5%. If this happens, Bob's program will stop working. During the next 5 years what is the probability of his program breaking?
6. Bob has written a program and then committed [suicide](suicide.md) because Alice sued him for sexual harassment. His program is now [unmaintained](maintenance.md). Bob's program uses 10 libraries. The probability that the API of one such library will be [updated](update_culture.md) and changed in any given year is 5%. If this happens, Bob's program will stop working. During the next 5 years what is the probability of his program breaking?
7. What will the following C (C99) snippet print out? `int x = 2; putchar('a' + ((1 == 3 > 2) + ++x));`
8. Order the following software by the date of the release of their 1.0 version from oldest to newest: [TempleOS](temple_os.md), [MS DOS](dos.md), original [Unix](unix.md), [Linux](linux.md), [Windows](windows.md). Also point out which one stands out from others and why.
9. If you're running in a race and overtake the guy who's currently in third place, what place will you be in?
@ -114,18 +116,20 @@ Here are some questions to test your LRS related knowledge :D
15. Name at least five licenses commonly used for [FOSS](foss.md) programs, five text editors/IDEs commonly used for programming and five operating systems whose source code is mostly free-licensed (none of these is allowed to be using the same or forked kernel of any other).
16. What is the minimum number of [bits](bit.md) that will allow us to represent 12345678910111213 distinct values?
17. Give at least one example of [analog](analog.md) electronic device and one of [digital](digital.md) mechanical device.
18. Answer yes/no to following: Is base-three number 2101 greater than base-seven number 206? Is [gemini](gemini.md) better than [gopher](gopher.md)? Is there any [triangle](triangle.md) (in Euclidean geometry) whose one side is longer than the sum of lengths of its other two sides?
19. There are two walls 2 meters apart, the right wall is moving left by the speed 0.1 m/s, the left wall is moving right by the same speed 0.1 m/s. There is a fly in the middle between the walls, flying by speed 1 m/s. It is flying towards one wall, then when it reaches it it turns around and flies towards the other wall etc. When the walls completely close in, what distance would the fly have traveled? (There is a simple solution.)
21. At what times, with precision to seconds, do clock hands overlap (just compute AM, PM is the same)?
22. In 3D computer [graphics](graphics.md) what's the difference between [shading](shading.md) and drawing [shadows](shadow.md)?
23. Can we say that the traditional feed forward [neural networks](neural_network.md) are [Turing complete](turing_complete.md)? Explain why or why not.
24. Wicw mx uum yvfe bbt uhmtf ok?
25. Does the statement "10 does not equal 10" logically [imply](implication.md) that intelligent alien life exists?
26. What is the principle of [asymmetric cryptography](asymmetric_cryptography.md) and why is it called *asymmetric*?
27. What is the main reason for [Earth](earth.md) having seasons (summer, winter, ...)?
28. WARNING: VERY HARD. There are two integers, both greater than 1 and smaller than 100. *P* knows their product, *S* knows their sum. They have this conversation: *P* says: I don't know the numbers. *S* says: I know you don't, I don't know them either. *P* says: now I know them. *S* says: now I know them too. What are the numbers? To solve this you are allowed to use a programming language, pen and paper etc. { Holy shit this took me like a whole day. ~drummyfish }
29. Did you enjoy this quiz?
18. Find a normalized (having length 1) [normal](normal.md) ([vector](vector.md) that's perpendicular to surface) of the [triangle](triangle.md) defined by vertices *A = {1,2,3}*, *B = {5,5,1}* and *C = {1,5,2}*. (Orientation doesn't matter.)
19. Why will (in a typical programming language such as C) an infinite [recursion](recursion.md) crash the program but infinite loop generally won't?
20. Answer yes/no to following: Is base-three number 2101 greater than base-seven number 206? Is [gemini](gemini.md) better than [gopher](gopher.md)? Is there any [triangle](triangle.md) (in Euclidean geometry) whose one side is longer than the sum of lengths of its other two sides?
21. There are two walls 2 meters apart, the right wall is moving left by the speed 0.1 m/s, the left wall is moving right by the same speed 0.1 m/s. There is a fly in the middle between the walls, flying by speed 1 m/s. It is flying towards one wall, then when it reaches it it turns around and flies towards the other wall etc. When the walls completely close in, what distance would the fly have traveled? (There is a simple solution.)
23. At what times, with precision to seconds, do clock hands overlap (just compute AM, PM is the same)?
24. In 3D computer [graphics](graphics.md) what's the difference between [shading](shading.md) and drawing [shadows](shadow.md)?
25. Can we say that the traditional feed forward [neural networks](neural_network.md) are [Turing complete](turing_complete.md)? Explain why or why not.
26. Wicw mx uum yvfe bbt uhmtf ok?
27. Does the statement "10 does not equal 10" logically [imply](implication.md) that intelligent alien life exists?
28. What is the principle of [asymmetric cryptography](asymmetric_cryptography.md) and why is it called *asymmetric*?
29. What is the main reason for [Earth](earth.md) having seasons (summer, winter, ...)?
30. WARNING: VERY HARD. There are two integers, both greater than 1 and smaller than 100. *P* knows their product, *S* knows their sum. They have this conversation: *P* says: I don't know the numbers. *S* says: I know you don't, I don't know them either. *P* says: now I know them. *S* says: now I know them too. What are the numbers? To solve this you are allowed to use a programming language, pen and paper etc. { Holy shit this took me like a whole day. ~drummyfish }
31. Did you enjoy this quiz?
### Answers
@ -146,18 +150,20 @@ Here are some questions to test your LRS related knowledge :D
16. The number is *N* such that 2^N = 12345678910111213, rounded up, that is ceil(log2(12345678910111213)) = 54.
17. amplifier, voltmeter, analog hardware for [neural networks](neural_net.md), ...; abacus, mechanical calculators such as Curta, Turing machine made of wood, ...
18. no, no, no
19. The walls will collide in 10 seconds during which the fly has been constantly flying with the speed 1 m/s, so it traveled 10 meters.
21. 1:5:27, 2:10:54, 3:16:21, 4:21:49, 5:27:16, 6:32:43, 7:38:10, 8:43:38, 9:49:05, 10:54:32, 12:00:00, you can compute it by making equations for position of the hour and minute hand depending on time, setting them equal and solving, i.e. you get something like *tm / (60 * 12) = (tm / 60) - (tm // 60)* (where *//* is integer division and *tm* is time in minutes); you will find the times are those when minute hand is at multiples of 60 / 11 minues (5:27), i.e. there are 11 such times around the circle and they are evenly spaced.
22. Shading is the process of computing surface color of 3D objects, typically depending on the object's material and done by GPU programs called [shaders](shader.md); shading involves for example applying textures, normal mapping and mainly lighting -- though it can make pixels lighter and darker, e.g. depending on surface normal, it only applies local models of light, i.e. doesn't compute true shadows cast by other objects. On the other hand computing shadows uses some method that works with the scene as a whole to compute true shadowing of objects by other objects.
23. We can't really talk about Turing completeness of plain neural networks, they cannot be Turing complete because they just transform fixed length input into fixed length output -- a Turing complete model of computation must be able to operate with arbitrarily large input and output. In theory we can replace any neural network with logic circuit or even just plain lookup table. Significance of neural networks doesn't lie in their computational power but rather in their efficiency, i.e. a relatively small and simple neural network may replace what would otherwise be an enormously large and complicated circuit.
24. two (or txq); The cipher offsets each letter by its position.
25. Yes, a false statement implies anything.
26. The main difference against symmetric cryptography is we have two keys instead of one, one (private) for encrypting and one (public) for decrypting -- neither key can be used for the other task. Therefore encryption and decryption processes differ greatly (while in symmetric cryptography it's essentially the same, using the same key, just in reversed way), the problem looks different in one direction that the other, hence it is called *asymmetric*.
27. It's not the distance from the Sun (the distance doesn't change that much and it also wouldn't explain why opposite hemispheres have opposite seasons) but the tilted Earth axis -- the tilt changes the maximum height to which the Sun rises above any specific spot and so the angle under which it shines on the that spot; the [cosine](cos.md) of this angle says how much energy the place gets from the Sun (similarly to how we use cosine to determine how much light is reflected off of a surface in [shaders](shader.md)).
28. 4 and 13, solution: make a table, columns are first integer, rows are second (remember, both *P* and *S* can be making their own table like this too). Cross out whole bottom triangle (symmetric values). *P* doesn't know the numbers, so cross out all combinations of two primes (he would know such numbers as they have only a unique product). *S* knew *P* didn't know the numbers, so the sum also mustn't be a sum of two primes (if the sum could be written as a prime plus prime, *S* couldn't have known that *P* didn't know the numbers, the numbers may have been those two primes and *P* would have known them). This means you can cross out all such numbers -- these are all bottom-left-to-top-right diagonals that go through at least one already crossed out number (combination of primes), as these diagonal have constant sum. Now *P* has a table like this with relatively few numbers left -- if he now leaves in only the numbers that make the product he knows, he'll very likely be left with only one combination of numbers -- there are still many combinations like this, but only the situation when the numbers are set to be 4 and 13 allows *S* to also deduce the numbers after *P* declares he knows the numbers -- this is because *S* knows the combination lies on one specific constant-sum diagonal and 4-13 lie on the only diagonal that in this situation has a unique product within the reduced table. So with some other combinations *P* could deduce the numbers too, but only with 4-13 *S* can finally say he knows them too.
29. yes
18. We can use [cross product](cross_product.md) to find a vector perpendicular to two vectors, so we can take e.g. vectors *U = B - A = {4,3,-2}* and *V = C - A = {0,3,-1}*; their cross product is *UxV = {3,4,12} = n* (just look up the formula for cross product). This is the normal, to normalize it we'll first compute its length, i.e. *|n| = sqrt(3^2 + 4^2 + 12^2) = 13* and then divide each component of *n* by this length, i.e. we finally get *n0 = {3/13,4/13,12/13}*. As a check we can compute [dot product](dot_product.md) of this normal with both *U* and *V* and we should get 0 in both cases (meaning the vectors are perpendicular).
19. Infinite loop just performs jumps back to some previous program instruction which can be repeated indefinitely, so unless there is something inside the loop that will lead to a crash after many repetitions, an infinite loop will just make the program run forever. With recursion, however, every successive recursive call allocates a new call frame on the call stack (so that the program knows where to return from the function) which will lead to running out of stack memory and to [stack overflow](stack_overflow.md).
20. no, no, no
21. The walls will collide in 10 seconds during which the fly has been constantly flying with the speed 1 m/s, so it traveled 10 meters.
23. 1:5:27, 2:10:54, 3:16:21, 4:21:49, 5:27:16, 6:32:43, 7:38:10, 8:43:38, 9:49:05, 10:54:32, 12:00:00, you can compute it by making equations for position of the hour and minute hand depending on time, setting them equal and solving, i.e. you get something like *tm / (60 * 12) = (tm / 60) - (tm // 60)* (where *//* is integer division and *tm* is time in minutes); you will find the times are those when minute hand is at multiples of 60 / 11 minues (5:27), i.e. there are 11 such times around the circle and they are evenly spaced.
24. Shading is the process of computing surface color of 3D objects, typically depending on the object's material and done by GPU programs called [shaders](shader.md); shading involves for example applying textures, normal mapping and mainly lighting -- though it can make pixels lighter and darker, e.g. depending on surface normal, it only applies local models of light, i.e. doesn't compute true shadows cast by other objects. On the other hand computing shadows uses some method that works with the scene as a whole to compute true shadowing of objects by other objects.
25. We can't really talk about Turing completeness of plain neural networks, they cannot be Turing complete because they just transform fixed length input into fixed length output -- a Turing complete model of computation must be able to operate with arbitrarily large input and output. In theory we can replace any neural network with logic circuit or even just plain lookup table. Significance of neural networks doesn't lie in their computational power but rather in their efficiency, i.e. a relatively small and simple neural network may replace what would otherwise be an enormously large and complicated circuit.
26. two (or txq); The cipher offsets each letter by its position.
27. Yes, a false statement implies anything.
28. The main difference against symmetric cryptography is we have two keys instead of one, one (private) for encrypting and one (public) for decrypting -- neither key can be used for the other task. Therefore encryption and decryption processes differ greatly (while in symmetric cryptography it's essentially the same, using the same key, just in reversed way), the problem looks different in one direction that the other, hence it is called *asymmetric*.
29. It's not the distance from the Sun (the distance doesn't change that much and it also wouldn't explain why opposite hemispheres have opposite seasons) but the tilted Earth axis -- the tilt changes the maximum height to which the Sun rises above any specific spot and so the angle under which it shines on the that spot; the [cosine](cos.md) of this angle says how much energy the place gets from the Sun (similarly to how we use cosine to determine how much light is reflected off of a surface in [shaders](shader.md)).
30. 4 and 13, solution: make a table, columns are first integer, rows are second (remember, both *P* and *S* can be making their own table like this too). Cross out whole bottom triangle (symmetric values). *P* doesn't know the numbers, so cross out all combinations of two primes (he would know such numbers as they have only a unique product). *S* knew *P* didn't know the numbers, so the sum also mustn't be a sum of two primes (if the sum could be written as a prime plus prime, *S* couldn't have known that *P* didn't know the numbers, the numbers may have been those two primes and *P* would have known them). This means you can cross out all such numbers -- these are all bottom-left-to-top-right diagonals that go through at least one already crossed out number (combination of primes), as these diagonal have constant sum. Now *P* has a table like this with relatively few numbers left -- if he now leaves in only the numbers that make the product he knows, he'll very likely be left with only one combination of numbers -- there are still many combinations like this, but only the situation when the numbers are set to be 4 and 13 allows *S* to also deduce the numbers after *P* declares he knows the numbers -- this is because *S* knows the combination lies on one specific constant-sum diagonal and 4-13 lie on the only diagonal that in this situation has a unique product within the reduced table. So with some other combinations *P* could deduce the numbers too, but only with 4-13 *S* can finally say he knows them too.
Nationalism is [fascism](fascism.md) based on nationality, it has fueled the worst horrors in history, see e.g. [Nazism](nazism.md) that led to World War II. In any shape or form **nationalism is pure [evil](evil.md)**, it is the poison and curse of humanity and is absolutely unacceptable under any conditions, it cannot be kept moderate, it will never do any good, it is wrong in its very essence by fueling [pride](pride.md) and sense of [identity](identity_politics.md) and always leads to [fascism](fascism.md) and [wars](war.md). "Moderate" and radical nationalism differ only like early stage of [cancer](cancer.md) differs from the late one. Nationalism is one of the easiest and most common tricks playable by politicians to manipulate masses, it can be easily used to achieve anything from lowering wages to invading other countries and starting a nuclear war, and for this it is used over and over in practically every country. It is practically impossible for any politicians to succeed without playing the nationalism card.
Nationalism is especially dangerous by being accepted by 99.9999999% of population to some degree because, for some twisted reason, people believe that something like "moderate" nationalism exists or that it is even healthy, despite this having been proven wrong every year for millions of years, they will never learn just like kids will never learn that taking heroin will ruin their life, they will always think they'll be able to control it. For this we must stress that **there is NEVER any acceptable form of nationalism**, nationalism is always fundamentally wrong in any form -- no, you cannot fix it. You know deep down that nationalism is the purest evil -- if you try to fool someone, at least admit you accept nationalism as an excuse to do evil under some illusion of nobility or for purely practical reasons of it being a good means to your ends. Imagine having a group of few million people with [leaders](hero_culture.md) and [army](army.md) already in place, with heard mentality, ready to circlejerk any slightest idea of own superiority to absurdity -- do you think it's clever to feed them such ideas? Sure, for 5 years you can keep it moderate, but wait for the first crisis, for a politician that stirs a bit of [fear](fear_culture.md), for anything at all that will seem to "threaten the nation", like the neighboring nation doing better and starting to build a stronger army maybe, for economic crisis caused by migrants or anything similar. What do you think a group of people with strong nationalist thinking will do? Will it remain calm, reasonable and pacifist? Even if year and year over new politicians come calling for war? Just stop shitting yourself, admit that despite obligatory rejection of some of the Hitler's actions you admire him a bit for how great leader was, don't you?
Nationalists love to invent and/or highly distort [history](history.md), create [heroes](hero_culture.md) and fairy tales with which they brainwash children in [schools](school.md). They also love flags, anthems, their own [language](human_language.md) and everything that gives them a sense of "belonging to a nation". Never accept this. Use your country's flag as a toilet paper and shit on the photo of your president.
- [anarchism](anarchism.md): Many teenagers (and even a greater number of adults with an intelligence of a teenager) think that anarchism is just "lol let's do anything we want YOLO" philosophy, but the absolutely most retarded thing is to equate anarchy with chaos, capitalism or violence. True anarchism is [socialist](socialism.md), [communist](communism.md), [pacifist](anpac.md), [altruist](altruism.md), anticapitalist and implies complete order.
- [consciousness](consciousness.md): The debates about consciousness are on the same level of retardation to debates over free will, imbeciles think that consciousness has something to do with free will, that consciousness can be assessed in others, that it can be scientifically examined and so on. Never discuss this with anyone else you're risking [suicide](suicide.md) from hearing the most shitty reasoning ever.
- [cynicism](cynicism.md): While it's true that cynics see the world very negatively, it's completely false to assume this has to imply that cynics think that's how the world SHOUD be -- normies seem to think that if you accept that the world is a nightmare, you will also embrace this state and support it. That's indeed completely false.
- [free speech](free_speech.md): Idiots think that free speech has some limits or that free speech is just about making laws protecting speech.
- [free will](free_will.md): Maybe the most cringe misunderstood topic in history, retards think that free will has something to do with consciousness and that it's needed to have meaning of life and whatever. Literal brain cancer.
Digital privacy is the ability of someone to hide "sensitive" [information](information.md) about himself; nowadays "privacy concerns" are a big part of [capitalist](capitalism.md) [bullshit](bullshit.md), [fear culture](fear_culture.md) and [fight culture](fight_culture.md), and fall under so called [computer security](security.md), yet greater area of bullshit business. Of course, there are other forms of privacy than digital, for example the physical privacy [in real life](irl.md), however in this article we'll be implicitly dealing with digital privacy unless mentioned otherwise, i.e. privacy with respect to computers, e.g. on the [Internet](internet.md). For starters let's stress the whole business around privacy is [bullshit](bullshit.md) that's wasting energy which could better be spent on actually useful things such as feeding the hungry or curing the ill. Do not engage in privacy hysteria.
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Digital privacy is the ability of someone to hide "sensitive" [information](info
Digital privacy can be further categorized. We can talk e.g. about **communication privacy** (emails, chat, ...), **data privacy** (cookies, tracking, medical data, ...), **personal privacy** (intimate photos, sexual orientation, ... ), **individual privacy** (identifying information, anonymity, [spam](spam.md), ...) etc. Privacy is also closely related to **[cryptography](cryptography.md)**, as [encryption](encryption.md) is how information can be "protected" against reaching unauthorized entities, and to [free software](free_software.md), as using safe tools with available source code is crucial to avoid malware. Still, to achieve high privacy additional appropriate behavior has to be adopted, e.g. protection against [spyware](spyware.md), using proxies and/or onion routing, turning off browser [cookies](cookie.md), avoiding fingerprinting, avoiding [social networks](social_network.md), avoiding revealing potentially identifying information etc.
**Society is becoming more and more obsessed with privacy and that is EXTREMELY BAD.** It leads to hardcore [censorship](censorship.md), people are hiding their email addresses so it's impossible to contact them, photos of child faces are wiped from the Internet, more and more videos on the internet now just blur everything in the video that's not the main focus of it, "just in case", people are even afraid to credit other people by name even if they are e.g. legally obliged to by a license such as CC-BY-SA ([lmao](lmao.md) https://forum.freegamedev.net/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=19322). Such [retardedness](retard.md) has probably never been seen yet.
**Society is becoming more and more obsessed with privacy and that is EXTREMELY BAD.** It leads to hardcore [censorship](censorship.md), people are hiding their email addresses so it's impossible to contact them, photos of child faces are wiped from the Internet, more and more videos on the internet now just blur everything in the video that's not the main focus of it, "just in case", people are even afraid to credit other people by name even if they are e.g. legally obliged to by a license such as CC-BY-SA ([lmao](lmao.md) https://forum.freegamedev.net/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=19322). Everyone is like OH NOES they gonn steal my personal face pixelzzz, MY FACE IS LIKE MY HOUSE. Such [retardedness](retard.md) has probably never been seen yet.
Do you have **"nothing to hide?"** Tinfoil privacy maximalists absolutely love this sentence, it almost makes them orgasm; don't misunderstand them though, they are psychopaths, they are obsessed people who above everything love to waste their whole lives on playing the hide and seek game, but most importantly they want to drag everyone into the game. Yes -- sadly you've probably been forced to have at least something to hide, for example your [password](password.md) -- it's not that the claim is false, the great mistake and fucked up nature of our world shows in how people interpret such truth and how they react to it. The fact that you have something to hide doesn't mean you should accept it and start focusing on hiding, and, just in case, "hide absolutely everything". This leads to hell, you accept the dystopia AND start supporting it, you buy into endless [fear](fear.md) and bullshit, just like when you dedicate your whole like for example to hoarding [money](money.md) -- there will be no such a thing as "moderate privacy", no, privacy maximalists will tell you you must hide absolutely EVERYTHING, even such things as your favorite color or style of speech, because these things might lead to someone guessing your password, fingerprinting you etc. No, this is all absolute insanity, the fact you have to hide something at all shows something is extremely [wrong](capitalism.md) with the society -- if anything, you should try to **fix the society so that you no longer have anything to hide**.
Programming language is an artificial [formal](formal_language.md) (mathematically precise) language created in order to allow humans to relatively easily write [algorithms](algorithm.md) for [computers](computer.md). It basically allows a human to very specifically and precisely but still relatively comfortably tell a computer what to do. We call a program written in programming language the program's **[source code](source_code.md)**. Programming languages often try to mimic some human language -- practically always [English](english.md) -- so as to be somewhat close to humans but programming language is actually MUCH simpler so that a computer can actually analyze it and understand it precisely (as computers are extremely bad at understanding actual [natural language](natural_language.md)), without ambiguity, so in the end it all also partially looks like [math](math.md) expressions. A programming language can be seen as a middle ground between pure [machine code](machine_code.md) (the computer's native language, very hard to handle by humans) and natural language (very hard to handle by computers).
Programming language is an artificial [formal](formal_language.md) (mathematically precise) language created in order to allow humans to relatively easily write [algorithms](algorithm.md) for [computers](computer.md). It basically allows a human to very specifically and precisely but still relatively comfortably tell a computer what to do. We call a program written in programming language the program's **[source code](source_code.md)**. Programming languages often try to mimic some human language -- practically always [English](english.md) -- so as to be somewhat close to humans but programming language is actually MUCH simpler so that a computer can actually analyze it and understand it precisely (as computers are extremely bad at understanding actual [human language](human_language.md)), without ambiguity, so in the end it all also partially looks like [math](math.md) expressions. A programming language can be seen as a middle ground between pure [machine code](machine_code.md) (the computer's native language, very hard to handle by humans) and natural language (very hard to handle by computers).
For beginners: a programming language is actually much easier to learn than a foreign language, it will typically have fewer than 100 "words" to learn (out of which you'll mostly use like 10) and once you know one programming language, learning another becomes a breeze because they're all (usually) pretty similar in basic concepts. The hard part may be learning some of the concepts.
A programming language is distinct from a general computer language by its purpose to express algorithms and be used for creation of [programs](program.md). This is to say that there are computer languages that are NOT programming languages (at least in the narrower sense), such as [HTML](html.md), [json](json.md) and so on.
We write two basic types of programs in these languages: executable programs (programs that can actually be directly run) and [libraries](library.md) (code that cannot be run on its own but is supposed to be used in other programs, e.g. library for mathematical functions, networking, [games](game.md) and so on).
A **simple example** of source code in the [C](c.md) programming language is the following:
```
@ -55,6 +57,13 @@ A computer language consists from two main parts:
- **[syntax](syntax.md)**: The grammar rules and words, i.e. how the language "looks", what expressions we are allowed to write in it. Syntax says which words can follow other words, if indentation has to follow some rules, how to insert comments in the source code, what format numbers can be written in, what kinds of names variables can have etc. Syntax is the surface part, it's often considered not as important or hard as semantics (e.g. syntax errors aren't really a big deal as the language processor immediately catches them and we correct them easily), but a good design of syntax is nevertheless still very important because that's what the programmer actually deals with a great amount of time.
- **[semantics](semantics)**: The meaning of what we write, i.e. semantics says what the syntax actually stands for. E.g. when syntax says it is possible to write `a / b`, semantics says this means the mathematical operation of division and furthermore specifies what *a* and *b* can actually be, what happens if *b* is zero etc. Semantics is the deeper part as firstly it is more difficult to define and secondly it gives the language its [features](feature.md), its power to compute, usability, it can make the language robust or prone to errors, it can make it efficient or slow, easy and hard to compile, optimize etc.
We also commonly divide a language to two main parts:
- **core language**: The basis of programming language is formed by a relatively small "pure" language whose words and rules are all built-in and hard-wired. They include the most elementary mechanisms such as basic arithmetic operators, elementary [data types](data_type.md) such as numbers and strings, control structures such as *if-then-else* branching and loops, the ability to define [functions](function.md) etc. This core language is like an "engine" of the language, it should be simple and well optimized because everything will be built on top of it. Higher level languages often include in their core what in lower level languages is provided by libraries, e.g. sorting functions, dynamic data types and so on.
- **[standard library](stdlib.md)** (*stdlib*): The language standard traditionally also defines a standard library, i.e. a library that has to come with the language and which will provide certain basic functionality such as user [input/output](io.md), working with files, basic mathematical functions like [square root](sqrt.md) or [sine](sin.md) and so on. These are things that are usually deemed too complex to be part of the language core, thing that can already be implemented using the core language and which are so common that will likely be needed by majority of programs, so the standard will guarantee to programmers that they will always have these basic libraries at hand (with exactly specified [API](api.md)) available. How complex the standard library is depends on each languages: some languages have huge standard libraries (which makes it very hard to implement them) and, vice versa, some languages have no standard library.
Besides the standard library there will also exist many third party [libraries](library.md), but these are no longer considered part of the language itself, they are already a products of the language.
**What is the best programming language and which one should you learn?** (See also [programming](programming.md).) These are the big questions, the topic of programming languages is infamous for being very [religious](holy_war.md) and different people root for different languages like they do e.g. for [football](football.md) teams. For [minimalists](minimalism.md), i.e. [suckless](suckless.md), [LRS](lrs.md) (us), [Unix](unix.md) people, [Plan9](plan9.md) people etc., the standard language is **[C](c.md)**, which is also probably the most important language in [history](history.md). It is not in the league of the absolutely most minimal and objectively best languages, but it's relatively minimalist (much more than practically any [modern](modern.md) language) and has great advantages such as being one of the absolutely fastest languages, being extremely well established, long tested, supported everywhere, having many compilers etc. But C isn't easy to learn as a first language. Some minimalist also promote [go](golang.md), which is kind of like "new C". Among the most minimal usable languages are traditionally [Forth](forth.md) and [Lisp](lisp.md) which kind of compete for who really is the smallest, then there is also our [comun](comun.md) which is a bit bigger but still much smaller than C. To learn programming you may actually want to start with some ugly language such as [Python](python.md), but you should really aim to transition to a better language later on.
**Can you use multiple programming languages for one project?** Yes, though it may be a burden, so don't do it just because you can. Combining languages is possible in many ways, e.g. by embedding a [scripting](scripting.md) language into a compiled language, linking together object files produces by different languages, creating different programs that communicate over network etc.
Trolling is a linguistically fairly recent term that has evolved alongside the [Internet](internet.md) and whose meaning ranges from an activity of purposefully causing [drama](drama.md) (mostly on the Internet) for entertainment (the original, narrower meaning) to just shamelessly abusing rules of any system on the detriment of others (narrower meaning, e.g. *[patent](patent.md) trolling*, pre-election *media trolling* etc.). Core value of the narrow-sense trolling is simply [fun](fun.md) on the detriment of others -- trolls are those who before the Internet would be called something like jokers or pranksters, however [real life](irl.md) pranks have limited potential -- on the Internet on the other hand trolling can flourish (likely owing to the aspect of [anonymity](anonymity.md), lack of nonverbal communication, lack of consequences and responsibility and so on), so this [art](art.md) has evolved into something more, it is by now an inseparable part of Internet [culture](culture.md) (and should probably become protected by Unesco). Trolling is cherished by people who don't take things too seriously and can make fun of themselves and is therefore embraced by forums like [4chan](4chan.md); on the other hand it is demonized by those without sense of humor and those who mostly get butthurt by it ([reddit](reddit.md), [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) and other "safe space" networks). [Evil](evil.md) is always afraid of fun.
Trolling is a linguistically fairly recent term that has evolved alongside the [Internet](internet.md) and whose meaning ranges from an activity of purposefully causing [drama](drama.md) (mostly on the Internet) for entertainment (the original, narrower meaning) to just shamelessly abusing rules of any system on the detriment of others (narrower meaning, e.g. *[patent](patent.md) trolling*, pre-election *media trolling* etc.). Core value of the narrow-sense trolling is simply [fun](fun.md) on the detriment of others -- trolls are those who before the Internet would be called something like jokers or pranksters, however [real life](irl.md) pranks have limited potential -- on the Internet on the other hand trolling can flourish (likely owing to the aspect of [anonymity](anonymity.md), lack of nonverbal communication, lack of consequences and responsibility and so on), so this [art](art.md) has evolved into something more, it is by now an inseparable part of Internet [culture](culture.md) (and should probably become protected by Unesco). Trolling is cherished by cool people who don't take things too seriously and can make fun of themselves and is therefore embraced by forums like [4chan](4chan.md); on the other hand it is demonized by those without sense of humor, those who fear the power of humor (e.g. dictators and fascists) and those who mostly get butthurt by it ([reddit](reddit.md), [Wikipedia](wikipedia.md) and other "safe space" networks). [Evil](evil.md) is always afraid of fun.
A typical example of troll occurred e.g. circa 2006 when in the game [World of Warcraft](wow.md) some guys pulled the world boos Lord Kazzak into Stormwind, one of the game's main cities, where of course this beast towering above all buildings proceeded to assrape the whole city and anything that stood in his way -- the boss couldn't even be killed because he healed every time he killed someone and with so many low level noobs and NPCs in reach he was just healing constantly. This was an ingenious move but of course, Blizzard like a huge unfunny pussy just stepped in, restarted the server and stopped all the fun because constantly dying several hours in a row was making some of their customers potentially unhappy. Blizzard is full of imbeciles who only listen to money of course.
Here are some potentially entertaining ways of trolling (they'll be written from the point of view of a fictional character so as to avoid legal responsibility for potential crimes they may inspire lol):
- Wikipedia is **[censored](censorship.md), [politically correct](political_correctness.md), biased, pushes a harmful political propaganda and often just pure lies**, even though it [proclaims the opposite](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_censored) (which makes it much worse by misleading people). "Offensive" material and material not aligned with [pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) propaganda is removed as well as material connected to some controversial resources (e.g the link to 8chan, https://8kun.top, is censored, as well as [Nina Paley](nina_paley.md)'s Jenndra Identitty comics and much more). There is a heavy **[pseudoleft](pseudoleft.md), [pseudoskeptic](pseudoskepticism.md) and [soyence](soyence.md) bias** in the articles. It creates a list of **banned sources** ([archive](https://web.archive.org/web/20220830004126/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Perennial_sources)) which just removes all non-[pseudoleftist](pseudoleft.md) sources -- so much for their "neutral point of view". It wasn't always this way, browsing pre 2010 Wikipedia provides a less censored experience.
- Wikipedia includes material under **[fair use](fair_use.md)**, such as screenshots from proprietary games, which makes it partially [proprietary](proprietary.md), i.e. Wikipedia is technically **NOT 100% free**. Material under fair use is still proprietary and can put remixers to legal trouble (e.g. if they put material from Wikipedia to a commercial context), even if the use on Wikipedia itself is legal (remember, proprietary software is legal too).
- Wikipedia is **intentionally deceptive** -- it supports its claims by "citations" ("race is a social construct"^1234567891011121314151617181920) to make things look as objective facts, but the citations are firstly cherry picked (there is a list of banned sources), self-made (articles of Wikipedians themselves) and secondly the sources often don't even support the claim, they're literally there just for "good look". Not only do they practice censorship, they claim they do NOT practice censorship and then write article on censorship so as to define censorship in their own convenient way :) Furthermore their articles intentionally omit points of view of their political opponents.
