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Library
Software library is program code that's not meant to run on its own but rather to be used by other programs, i.e. it is a helpful collection of preprogrammed code that's meant to be reused. A library provides resources such as functions, macros, classes or constants that are normally related to solving some specific class of problems, so e.g. there are GUI libraries, audio libraries, mathematical libraries etc. Libraries exist mostly to prevent reinventing wheels by only ever implementing the code once so that next time we can simply reuse it (respecting the DRY principle), but they also e.g. help assure others are using an already well tested code, they help to implement modularity etc. Examples of libraries are the standard C library, SDL or JQuery. Libraries are not to be confused with frameworks which are larger, more bloated environments.
Standard library (stdlib) is a term that stands for the set of libraries that officially come with given programming language -- these libraries usually offer very basic functionality (such as I/O and basic math) and are required to always be present on every system.
If a programmer wants to use a specific library, he usually has to first somehow install it (if it's not installed already, usually a library is some kind of software package) and then include it in his program with a specific command (words like include, using or import are commonly used). Then he is able to use the resources of the library. Depending on the type of the library he may also need to link the library code after compilation and possibly distribute the library files along with his program.
You will often hear that a library has certain API -- this is the interface of the library consisting of the elements via which programmer uses the library, mostly the functions the library offers. API is what the programmer interacts with; the rest is library internals (its implementation) that's usually supposed to not be touched and stay a bit hidden (see encapsulation). If a programmer wants to know the library API, he wants to know the names of the functions, what parameters they take etc. Sometimes there may be multiple libraries with the same API but different internal implementations, this is nice because these libraries can be easily drop-in-replaced.
In a specific programming language it IS generally possible to use a library written in a different language, though it may be more difficult to achieve.
We generally divide libraries to two types:
- static: The library code is embedded into the executable of the final program so that the library files have to be distributed along with the program. This is more convenient and also makes sure the program uses exactly the correct version of the library. But of course this results in bigger executable, and if we have multiple programs that use the same library which is statically linked, each program will have a redundant copy of the library code, wasting memory (both storage and RAM).
- dynamic (also shared): The compiled library code resides in a separate file (DLL on Windows, .so in GNU/Linux) which may need to be distributed along with the program, but this one file can be shared among all programs that use the library so the compiled programs can be smaller. It may also be easier to update the library to a new version by simply replacing the compiled library file. RAM may also be saved as the dynamic library may be loaded just once for multiple simultaneously running programs.
Many times a library can have both static and dynamic version available, or the compiler may allow to automatically link the library as static or dynamic. Then it's up to the programmer which way he wants to go.
C Libraries
TODO: example
LRS Libraries
TODO