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Demoscene
Demoscene is a hacker art subculture revolving around making so called demos, programs that produce rich and interesting audiovisual effects and which are sometimes limited by strict size constraints (so called intros). The scene originated in northern Europe sometime in 1980s (even though things like screen hacks existed long before) among groups of crackers who were adding small signature effect screens into their cracked software (like "digital graffiti"); programming of these cool effects later became an art of its own and started to have their own competitions (sometimes with high financial prizes), so called compos, at dedicated real life events called demoparties (which themselves evolved from copyparties, real life events focused on piracy). The community is still centered mostly in the Europe (primarily Finland), it is underground, out of the mainstream; Wikipedia says that by 2010 its size was estimated to 10000 people (such people are called demosceners).
Demoscene is a bittersweet topic: on one side it's awesome, full of beautiful hacking, great ideas and minimalism, on the other side there are secretive people who don't share their source code (most demos are proprietary) and ugly unportable programs that exploit quirks of specific platforms -- common ones are DOS, Commodore 64, Amiga or Windows. These guys simply try to make the coolest visuals and smallest programs, with all good and bad that comes with it. Try to take only the good of it.
Besides "digital graffiti" the scene is also perhaps a bit similar to the culture of street rap, except that there's less improvisation (obviously, making a program takes long) and competition happens between groups rather than individuals. Nevertheless the focus is on competition, originality, style etc. But demos should show off technological skills as the highest priority -- trying to "win by content" rather than programming skills is sometimes frowned upon. Individuals within a demogroup have roles such as a programmer, visual artist, music artist, director, even PR etc.
A demo isn't a video, it is a non-interactive real time executable that produces the same output on every run (even though categories outside of this may also appear). Viznut has noted that this "static nature" of demos may be due to the established culture in which demos are made for a single show to the audience. Demos themselves aren't really limited by resource constraints (well, sometimes a limit such as 4 MB is imposed), it's where the programmers can show off all they have. However compos are often organized for intros, demos whose executable size is limited (i.e. NOT the size of the source code, like in code golfing, but the size of the compiled binary). The main categories are 4Kib intros and 64Kib intros, rarely also 256Kib intros (all sizes are in kibibytes). Apparently even such categories as 256 byte intro appear. Sometimes also platform may be specified (e.g. Commodore 64, PC etc.). The winner of a compo is decided by voting.
Some of the biggest demoparties are or were Assembly (Finland), The Party (Denmark), The Gathering (Norway), Kindergarden (Norway) and Revision (Germany). A guy on https://mlab.taik.fi/~eye/demos/ says that he has never seen a demo female programmer and that females often have free entry to demoparties while men have to pay because there are almost no women anyway xD Some famous demogroups include Farbrausch (Germany, also created a tiny 3D shooter game .kkrieger), Future Crew (Finland), Pulse (international), Haujobb (international), Conspiracy (Hungary) and Razor 1911 (Norway). { Personally I liked best the name of a group that called themselves Byterapers. ~drummyfish } There is an online community of demosceners at at https://www.pouet.net.
On technological side of demos: great amount of hacking, exploitation of bugs and errors and usage of techniques going against "good programming practices" are made use of in making of demos. They're usually made in C, C++ or assembly (though some retards even make demos in Java lmao). In intros it is extremely important to save space wherever possible, so things such as procedural generation and compression are heavily used. Manual assembly optimization for size can take place. Tracker music, chiptune, fractals and ASCII art are very popular. New techniques are still being discovered, e.g. bytebeat. GLSL shader source code that's to be embedded in the executable has to be minified or compressed. Compiler flags are chosen so as to minimize size, e.g. small size optimization (-Os), turning off buffer security checks or turning on fast float operations. The final executable is also additionally compressed with specialized executable compression.